Attachment -> Bowlby

Question 1

Why Attachments Form

Answer 1

instinct
adaptive
well protected and will survive
successfully passed on their genes

Question 2

How Attachments Form

Answer 2

innate drive to become attached
critical period
two years of age
caregiver’s sensitivity
responsive, co-operative and more accessible
Social releasers

monotropy
important emotional safety net

Question 3

The Consequences of Attachment

Answer 3

monotropy
internal working model
Secure v insecure monotropic bond
later emotional problems
The continuity hypothesis

Question 4

Weaknesses of monotropy

Answer 4

Multiple attachments are more common
&
Adoption goes against critics period
&
Unscientific
&
Innate temperament

Question 5

Maternal Deprivation

Answer 5

prolonged emotional deprivation
long-term intellectual, social and emotional difficulties
continuity hypothesis
irreversible
inability to be a good parent
before the child is two and a half years old sensitive period
no substitute mother-figure

Question 6

Bowlby (1944)

Answer 6

emotionally maladjusted
caught stealing
14
affectionless psychopaths
Frequent early separations form their mothers
12
5 out of 30
Almost none of the control group

Question 7

Strengths of Bowlby (1944)

Answer 7

Hospital policy
&
South American orphanage

Question 8

Weaknesses of Bowlby (1944)

Answer 8

Reversible
&
Deprivation v privation

Question 9

Institutional Care

Answer 9

outside of the family
adopt the rules and norms of the institution
impair functioning
deindividuation

Question 10

Studies of Romanian Orphans - Rutter et al. (2010)

Answer 10

early lives in Romanian orphanages
tested at regular intervals
physical, cognitive and social development
52 British children

lagged behind
age of four
significant deficits at age four.

long-term consequences
before six months
receive sensitive parenting

Question 11

Delayed Intellectual Development –

Answer 11

Children raised in institutions can have a low IQ and concentration problems. This means they may struggle at school because they cannot learn new behaviours and concepts as quickly. They can also have delayed language development.

Question 12

Disinhibited Attachment -

Answer 12

Children raised in institutions may not know what appropriate behaviour towards strangers is. They can be overly affectionate and attention-seeking.

Question 13

Emotional Development

Answer 13

Children raised in institutions can have difficulty managing their anger (e.g. they have more temper tantrums than other children).

Question 14

Lack of Internal Working Model

Answer 14

Children raised in institutions may have difficulty interacting with peers and forming close relationships. As adults they will have impaired adult relationships and can struggle to parent their own children.

Question 15

Quasi-Autism -

Answer 15

Children raised in institutions struggle to understand the meaning of social contexts and can have obsessional behaviours.They can have lower frequency of pretend play and reduced empathy.

Question 16

Delayed Physical Development –

Answer 16

Children in institutional care are usually physically small. Research has shown that a lack of emotional care rather than poor nourishment is the cause of what has been called deprivation dwarfism.

Question 17

Strengths of institutionalisation

Answer 17

Enhanced understanding of potential negatives of institutional care
&
Changed the adoption process

Question 18

Weaknesses of institutionalisation

Answer 18

Sensitive parenting
&
Participant variables