Arthiritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Question 1

Define: arthiritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Answer 1

conditions of the bones, muscles and other attachments (eg. ligaments, tendons and joints)

Question 2

how many a&m condiitons?

Answer 2

over 100

Question 3

most common a&m conditions?

Answer 3

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, juvenile arthritis, back problems

Question 4

Define: back problems

Answer 4

conditions of the muscles, bones, joints and nerves of the back.

Question 5

Causes of back problems?

Answer 5

injury and illness

Question 6

effects of back problems?

Answer 6

affected mobility.

Question 7

Define: juvenile arthritis

Answer 7

any form of arthritis that occurs in individuals under the age of 16

Question 8

Describe onset of symptoms of juvenile arthritis

Answer 8

can be gradual or sudden; but often followed by period of remission

Question 9

effects of juvenile arthriris?

Answer 9

growth of skeletal tissue and reduce mobility (making going to school and playing sports difficult)

Question 10

symptoms of juvenile arthiritis are characterised by ___ but ____

Answer 10

growth of skeletal tissue and reduce mobility (making going to school and playing sports difficult)

no set symptoms - range of condiitons.

Question 11

define: osteoarthritis

Answer 11

occurs when cartilage (substance that surrounds bones to cushion joints) breaks down, and bones rub together causing pain and limited mobility.

Question 12

Is osteoarthritis a degenerative disease?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

define: degenerative

Answer 13

ecomes worse over time and often leads to reduced functioning

Question 14

describe prevalence os osteoarthritis in terms of
place
gender
age
body weight

Answer 14

place - knees, neck, lower back, hips, fingers
females
increases with age
increases with bw

Question 15

Define: rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 15

an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks tissues lining joints, resulting in inflammation, pain and swelling.

Question 16

effects of inflamation of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 16

can eventually wear bone and muscle away, resulting in joint deformities.

Question 17

where does rheumatoid arthritis most commonly occur?

Answer 17

mostly smaller joints (hands and feet) but also larger joints (knees and hips)

Question 18

describe severity of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 18

• Disability starts early in disease, and can seriously impact quality of life.

Question 19

define: osteoporosis

Answer 19

disease where bone density deteriorates, leading to weak bones more prone to fractures.

Question 20

why does osteoporosis occur?

Answer 20

• Due to bone mass not maintained, because of multiple factors leading to net loss of bone tissue and decreased rate of bone renewal

Question 21

where does osteoporosis most commonly occur?

Answer 21

bones of the spine, hip and wrist

Question 22

why is osteoporosis an NHPA?

Answer 22

• Contribute greatly to BOD. In particular YLD as it isn’t prominent in mortality figures but can cause significant disability (5% of Australia’s BOD).
• Contribute significant costs to both individuals and communities (4th leading cause of health expenditure: 5% of health system expenditure that can be reliably allocated to diseases

Question 23

direct costs to inv?

Answer 23

• Ambulance transport for fractures (osteoporosis)
• Patient co-payments for medications (as treatment)
• Patient co-payments for doctor/specialist services (as musculoskeletal conditions must be continually monitored, and they develop management plans)
• Exercise programs (way of managing; to gyms, pools and physiotherapists)

Question 24

direct costs to comm?

Answer 24

• Medicare contribution (for some of doctor/specialist fees, all public hospital fees and joint replacement surgery)
• PBS contributions for medicines Private health insurance fund contributions towards treatment in private/rehabilitation hospitals
• Prevention programs eg. Bone Health for Life

Question 25

indirect costs to indv?

Answer 25

• Loss of income (if can’t work due to reduced mobility)
• Cost for carers
• Transport costs (if reduced mobility, might need taxis)

Question 26

indirect costs to comm?

Answer 26

• Loss of productivity

* Social security and other government payments

Question 27

intangible costs to indv?

Answer 27

• Anxiety over prospect of falls/fractures (osteoporosis)
• Missing out on social experiences due to reduced mobility (affecs social and mental health)
• Not being able to exercise due to physical limitations (impacts PMS)
• Loss of self-esteem due to inability to perform tasks

Question 28

intangible costs to comm?

Answer 28

• Anxiety over prospect of falls/fractures (osteoporosis)
• Missing out on social experiences due to reduced mobility (affecs social and mental health)
• Not being able to exercise due to physical limitations (impacts PMS)
• Loss of self-esteem due to inability to perform tasks

Question 29

biological dets?

Answer 29

Body weight
• Puts more pressure on joints  arthiritis
• Increases risk of osteoporosis
• If underweight: smaller bones, more pronounced effects of osteoporosis; and lack of constant weight bearing down through bones
Age
• as age increases, heart loses efficiency and basal metabolism decreases, making weight management harder
Genetic predisposition
• Family history = higher risk
Sex
• Females more likely in all except bp’s
• More likely osteoporosis due to decline in peak bone mass in menopause

Question 30

behavioural dets?

Answer 30

Tobacco smoking
• Chemicals in it (esp. nicotine) can directly harm bone cells
• May reduce absorption of calcium and vitamin D, both required for building bone mass
• Usually lower BW and exercise less
Alcohol consumption
• Can be toxic to bone cells and reduce bone mass
• If excessive, supply of calcium and vitamin D reduced
Physical activity
• Too much: puts continual stress on joints, quickens arthiritis
• Too little: Moderate weight bearing exercise can help maintain bone mass
Poor dietary behaviour
• Too much sodium: loss of calcium from hard tissues (osteoporosis)
• Not enough nutrients required for hard tissue formation (calcium, vitamin D< phosphorus) can increase chance (esp. osteoporosis)
Vitamin D deficiency
• Contributes to reduced bone mineral density and osteoporosis
• Found in sun, fish, milk
• Most at risk: elderly (esp. in residential aged care), full body clothed

Question 31

physical environment dets?s

Answer 31

Access to recreational facilities
• Obesity  arthiritis
• No gyms = no weight bearing activity (decreased bone density and osteoporosis)
Transport systems
• Passive transport  weight gain  arthiritis

Question 32

social dets?

Answer 32

Low SES
• Less knowledge of nutrition and value of regular healthcare  increased risk, and impact on treatment
Occupation
• Heavy lifting  more back problems
Food insecurity
• Lack of nutritious foods, leads to inadequate amount of nutrients required for hard tissue formation which leads to osteoporosis

Question 33

health promotion program?

Answer 33

bone health for life

Question 34

who runs bone health?

Answer 34

: NGO Jean Hailes for Women’s Health

Question 35

aim of bone health for life?

Answer 35

to provide practical advice for women and health professionals regarding achieving and maintaining healthy bones.

Question 36

how does bone health for life work?

Answer 36

fact sheets
links to support services for people with pstep[prpsos
online tests
gp online learning activiteis

Question 37

describe fact sheets

Answer 37

: provided by experts at Jean hailes for Women’s Health explain osteoporosis and its diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and topics such as food intake, exercise programs and medical checkups.
• 15 languages to provide for various cultural backgrounds
• Written and audio

Question 38

examples of support services to osteoporosis sufferers?

Answer 38

:self-management courses and support groups

Question 39

describe online tests

Answer 39

tests knowledge regarding osteoporosis and its prevention. After each question is answered, meaningful feedback is given.

Question 40

purpose of GP online professional learning activies?

Answer 40

increase awareness of osteoporosis, and can use knowledge to promote prevention/diagnosis/management of osteoporosis