Apr27 M3-Systemic protozoa

Question 1

5 systemic protozoa including other than malaria and babesia (malaria like)

Answer 1

• malaria
• babesia (malaria like)
• toxoplasma gondii
• leishmania
• trypanosoma

Question 2

where toxoplasma is (geographically and in what things) + dangerous for who especially

Answer 2

• is everywhere, not a tropical disease
• present in meat
• cats transmit it
• is dangerous for pregnant women

Question 3

definitive host meaning

Answer 3

where the parasites amplification and replication occurs. a parasite can go through many organisms but have only one where it can replicate

Question 4

what is the definitive host for toxoplasma gondii

Answer 4

cats and felines in general

Question 5

how do humans get toxo infections

Answer 5

-eat cat poop
-bovine eats cow poop, toxo goes in its muscle, we eat bovine muscle
(hygiene and cooking issues)
-transplacental (intrauterine) transmission during acute infection

Question 6

what is the reservoir of toxo

Answer 6

• cyst (bradyzoite) in muscles of many animals and birds

- cats (definitive host where toxo will replicate) get toxo by eating raw meat

Question 7

4 clinical forms of toxoplasmosis

Answer 7

1. lymphadenopathic (acute) (mono-like)
2. ocular
3. neonatal (acquired in utero)
4. in immunocompromised (specific tissue)

Question 8

lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis clinical signs and symptoms

Answer 8

• fever
• lymphadenopathy
• fatigue
• for 1-4 weeks*
• bc kitty litter or ate raw meat*

Question 9

ocular toxoplasmosis clinical signs and symptoms

Answer 9

-decreased vision
-retinal lesions on retinoscopy, blank spots in vision
(occurs when toxo migrates to eye instead of muscle)
lasts weeks
can leave scars in retina, loss of vision
bc kitty litter, ate raw meat or intrauterine infection

Question 10

neonatal toxoplasmosis signs and symptoms in the pregnant mother

Answer 10

lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis in the mother (fever, nodes, fatigues) bc she ate raw meat or from kitty litter.

Question 11

neonatal toxoplasmosis signs and symptoms in the neonate

Answer 11

• splenomegaly
• jaundice
• fever
• anemia
• hepatomegaly
• lymphadenopathy
• chroidoretinitis (inflam of choroid and retina)

Question 12

charact of the vertical transmission of toxo to a fetus

Answer 12

• earlier in pregnancy = less chance of transmission but MORE severe disease
• later in pregnancy = more chance of transmission but less severe disease (worst case cerebral damage, recognized later before age 10)

Question 13

toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised signs and symptoms

Answer 13

confusion, headache, fever, intracerebral space occupying lesion

• days to weeks*
• probably has HIV*
• ate raw meat, or from kitty litter or vertical transmission*

Question 14

toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised: infection often associated

Answer 14

HIV on top of the toxo. makes the toxo cause brain abscesses and encephalitis (intracerebral lesions)

Question 15

toxoplasmosis long term effect in immunocompetent people

Answer 15

• can stay latent in the brain

- reactivates and forms abscess if you become immunodeficient

Question 16

leishmania group of parasites: 3 types of diseases

Answer 16

• cutaneous
• mucocutaneous (can coexist with cutaneous)
• visceral (very different)

Question 17

reservoir of leishmania

Answer 17

sandfies, dogs, gerbils, rodents (zoonotic disease)

Question 18

vector of leishmania (to humans)

Answer 18

sandflies (phlebotomus)

Question 19

prevention of leishmania good and bad things

Answer 19

• screens and bed nets don’t work if no insecticide (because the flies are tiny)
• bed nets covered with insecticide work

Question 20

cutaneous leishmaniasis symtpoms and signs

Answer 20

• cutaneous ulcers, wet or dry, nodular
• limited to the skin
• not too bad (esthetic only)

Question 21

how you dx leishmania infection

Answer 21

biopsy, aspirates, scraping wathever

Question 22

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis symptoms and signs

Answer 22

• nose to larynx
• destroys hard palate, epiglottic area, pharynx (problems of talking, eating, chewing, get aspiration)
• nasoseptal destruction if advanced

Question 23

visceral leishmaniasis signs and symptoms

Answer 23

• reticuloendothelial disease
• splenic (100%) and hepatic enlargemet
• lymphadenopathy
• cough
• fever

Question 24

long term consequence of leishmania in immunocompetent vs immunocompromised

Answer 24

• can stay latent in immunocompetent

- can reactivate in immunocompromised. or stay with you if infected when immunocompromised

Question 25

drug for leishmaniasis

Answer 25

antimony (a heavy metal) or amphotericin

Question 26

African trypanosomiasis 2 types

Answer 26

1. Western Africa type: trypanosoma gambiense

2. East Africa type: trypanosoma rhodesiense

Question 27

trypanoma gambiense (Western Africa) clinical syndrome + reservoir

Answer 27

• HUMAN pathogen (no zoonosis, well adapted)
• slow non aggressive disease worsening with years
• misdiagnosed as psychiatric illness or depression

Question 28

trypanosoma rhodesiense (East Africa) clinical syndrome + reservoir

Answer 28

• CATTLE pathogen (zoonosis)

- bad rapidly fatal disease in human

Question 29

vector of trypanosoma

Answer 29

mosquitos: tsetse fly

Question 30

life cycle of trypanosoma

Answer 30

1. painful mosquito bite. causes abscess

2. tryponosoma circulates in blood for weeks, then bitten again

Question 31

African trypanosomiasis symptoms (bite and parasitemia related)

Answer 31

• edema, tenderness, heat (chancre) at site of bite

- periodic fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, nodes, weight loss, pruritis, anemia

Question 32

organ specific signs in African trypanosomiasis

Answer 32

• edema: peripheral, ascites, pulmonary, pericardial
• cardiac: ECG prob, CHF, cardiac distension
• GI: diarrhea, anorexia
• neuro: focal neuro defects, confusion, lethargy, coma

Question 33

why African trypanosomiasis is called the sleeping sickness

Answer 33

because of the neuro symptoms (focal neuro defects, confusion, lethargy, coma)

Question 34

how to check for neuro problems in African trypanosomiasis

Answer 34

MRI, diffuse lesions

Question 35

how to dx African trypanosomiasis as the cause of neuro problems

Answer 35

LP (lumbar puncture) to get CSF

Question 36

how to prevent leishmania and African trypanosomiasis infections

Answer 36

avoid sandfly bites (phlebotomus) (for leishmania) and tsetse flies bites (African tryponosoma) using clothes, repellant, etc.