Apr27 M3-Systemic protozoa Flashcards
5 systemic protozoa including other than malaria and babesia (malaria like)
- malaria
- babesia (malaria like)
- toxoplasma gondii
- leishmania
- trypanosoma
where toxoplasma is (geographically and in what things) + dangerous for who especially
- is everywhere, not a tropical disease
- present in meat
- cats transmit it
- is dangerous for pregnant women
definitive host meaning
where the parasites amplification and replication occurs. a parasite can go through many organisms but have only one where it can replicate
what is the definitive host for toxoplasma gondii
cats and felines in general
how do humans get toxo infections
-eat cat poop
-bovine eats cow poop, toxo goes in its muscle, we eat bovine muscle
(hygiene and cooking issues)
-transplacental (intrauterine) transmission during acute infection
what is the reservoir of toxo
- cyst (bradyzoite) in muscles of many animals and birds
- cats (definitive host where toxo will replicate) get toxo by eating raw meat
4 clinical forms of toxoplasmosis
- lymphadenopathic (acute) (mono-like)
- ocular
- neonatal (acquired in utero)
- in immunocompromised (specific tissue)
lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis clinical signs and symptoms
- fever
- lymphadenopathy
- fatigue
- for 1-4 weeks*
- bc kitty litter or ate raw meat*
ocular toxoplasmosis clinical signs and symptoms
-decreased vision
-retinal lesions on retinoscopy, blank spots in vision
(occurs when toxo migrates to eye instead of muscle)
lasts weeks
can leave scars in retina, loss of vision
bc kitty litter, ate raw meat or intrauterine infection
neonatal toxoplasmosis signs and symptoms in the pregnant mother
lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis in the mother (fever, nodes, fatigues) bc she ate raw meat or from kitty litter.
neonatal toxoplasmosis signs and symptoms in the neonate
- splenomegaly
- jaundice
- fever
- anemia
- hepatomegaly
- lymphadenopathy
- chroidoretinitis (inflam of choroid and retina)
charact of the vertical transmission of toxo to a fetus
- earlier in pregnancy = less chance of transmission but MORE severe disease
- later in pregnancy = more chance of transmission but less severe disease (worst case cerebral damage, recognized later before age 10)
toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised signs and symptoms
confusion, headache, fever, intracerebral space occupying lesion
- days to weeks*
- probably has HIV*
- ate raw meat, or from kitty litter or vertical transmission*
toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised: infection often associated
HIV on top of the toxo. makes the toxo cause brain abscesses and encephalitis (intracerebral lesions)
toxoplasmosis long term effect in immunocompetent people
- can stay latent in the brain
- reactivates and forms abscess if you become immunodeficient
leishmania group of parasites: 3 types of diseases
- cutaneous
- mucocutaneous (can coexist with cutaneous)
- visceral (very different)
reservoir of leishmania
sandfies, dogs, gerbils, rodents (zoonotic disease)
vector of leishmania (to humans)
sandflies (phlebotomus)
prevention of leishmania good and bad things
- screens and bed nets don’t work if no insecticide (because the flies are tiny)
- bed nets covered with insecticide work
cutaneous leishmaniasis symtpoms and signs
- cutaneous ulcers, wet or dry, nodular
- limited to the skin
- not too bad (esthetic only)
how you dx leishmania infection
biopsy, aspirates, scraping wathever
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis symptoms and signs
- nose to larynx
- destroys hard palate, epiglottic area, pharynx (problems of talking, eating, chewing, get aspiration)
- nasoseptal destruction if advanced
visceral leishmaniasis signs and symptoms
- reticuloendothelial disease
- splenic (100%) and hepatic enlargemet
- lymphadenopathy
- cough
- fever
long term consequence of leishmania in immunocompetent vs immunocompromised
- can stay latent in immunocompetent
- can reactivate in immunocompromised. or stay with you if infected when immunocompromised
drug for leishmaniasis
antimony (a heavy metal) or amphotericin
African trypanosomiasis 2 types
- Western Africa type: trypanosoma gambiense
2. East Africa type: trypanosoma rhodesiense
trypanoma gambiense (Western Africa) clinical syndrome + reservoir
- HUMAN pathogen (no zoonosis, well adapted)
- slow non aggressive disease worsening with years
- misdiagnosed as psychiatric illness or depression
trypanosoma rhodesiense (East Africa) clinical syndrome + reservoir
- CATTLE pathogen (zoonosis)
- bad rapidly fatal disease in human
vector of trypanosoma
mosquitos: tsetse fly
life cycle of trypanosoma
- painful mosquito bite. causes abscess
2. tryponosoma circulates in blood for weeks, then bitten again
African trypanosomiasis symptoms (bite and parasitemia related)
- edema, tenderness, heat (chancre) at site of bite
- periodic fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, nodes, weight loss, pruritis, anemia
organ specific signs in African trypanosomiasis
- edema: peripheral, ascites, pulmonary, pericardial
- cardiac: ECG prob, CHF, cardiac distension
- GI: diarrhea, anorexia
- neuro: focal neuro defects, confusion, lethargy, coma
why African trypanosomiasis is called the sleeping sickness
because of the neuro symptoms (focal neuro defects, confusion, lethargy, coma)
how to check for neuro problems in African trypanosomiasis
MRI, diffuse lesions
how to dx African trypanosomiasis as the cause of neuro problems
LP (lumbar puncture) to get CSF
how to prevent leishmania and African trypanosomiasis infections
avoid sandfly bites (phlebotomus) (for leishmania) and tsetse flies bites (African tryponosoma) using clothes, repellant, etc.
