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Bloc G - Infection > Apr23 M2,3-Introduction to Microbiology and Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Apr23 M2,3-Introduction to Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

divisions in the microbial world

A
  • prokaryotes (bacteria)
  • eukaryotes (1. fungi: yeasts, moulds and pneumocystis jiroveci 2. parasites)
  • viruses
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2
Q

charact of prokaryotes

A
  • no nucleus
  • one free DNA chromosome
  • extra-chromosomal DNA (plasmids) (with Abx resistance genes)
  • no membrane bound organelles**
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3
Q

morphology of prokaryotes (4 possible shapes)

A
  • coccus (pl. cocci) = spherical
  • bacillus (pl. bacilli) = rod shape
  • sphirochete (pl. spirochetes) = cork-screw shape
  • vibrio (pl. vibriae) = comma shape
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4
Q

possible arrangements of cocci

A
  • alone = coccus
  • paired = diplococci
  • grouped (cluster) = staphylococci
  • in a chain = streptococci
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5
Q

possible arrangements of bacilli + one variant

A
  • circle-elongated shape = coccobacillus
  • alone = bacillus
  • paired = diplobacilli
  • in a chain on long side = palisades
  • in a chain (on short side) = streptobacilli
  • enlarged rod = fusobacterium
  • pear shaped rod = corynebacteriaceae
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6
Q

e.coli location + one function + one disease they cause

A
  • in our intestines
  • vitamin K metabolism
  • can cause UTIs
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7
Q

spirochetes some examples and special shapes

A
  • treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)
  • helicobacter pylori (causes peptic ulcer disease) + has a helical form
  • borrelia burgdorferi (causes lyme disease)
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8
Q

vibriae one example

A

-vibrio cholerae (causes cholerae)

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9
Q

one malaria causing parasite

A

plasmodium falciparum

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10
Q

organism causing oral thrush and type of organism

A
  • candida albicans

- yeast (single cell fungus, not grouped)

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11
Q

organism causing blue cheese or bread and specific substance produced

A
  • apergillus fumigatus
  • mould (fungi cells that group together)
  • produces penicillium (so is a penicillin mould)
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12
Q

guinea worm name of parasite and does what

A
  • draculunculus medinensis

- enters through mouth, goes in body, puts eggs, comes out as pimples

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13
Q

eukaryote vs prokaryote vs virus size

A

eukaryote > prokaryote > virus

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14
Q

how prokaryotes reproduce

A
  • binary fission (no mitosis, asexual)

- clonal expansion

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15
Q

how viruses reproduce

A
  • fission (asexual, use host apparatus to reproduce)

- clonal expansion

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16
Q

how eukaryotes reproduce

A
  • binary fission and clonal expansion for yeasts and some protozoa
  • sexual reproduction and NOT clonal expansion + mitosis for animals
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17
Q

bacterial conjugation steps and meaning

A
  1. one bacteria sends a pilus to another one

2. the pilus transfers a plasmid to the other bacteria (can transfer Abx resistance this way)

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18
Q

nomenclature of bacteria

A
  • descriptive morphology word used as genus (ex. staph, strep, bacillus, entameoba, salmonella, plasmodium, candida, echinococcus)
  • add species
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19
Q

staph pathogenic and non pathogenic one

A
  • staph aureus pathogenic

- staph epidermidis on skin non pathogenic

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20
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae causes what

A
  • pneumonia

- sinusitis

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21
Q

streptococcus pyogenes causes what

A
  • strep throat
  • toxic shock syndrome
  • pneumonia
  • necrotizing fasciitis
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22
Q

bacillus cereus charact

A
  • in rice

- can give foodborne poisoning

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23
Q

entamoeba histolytica is what type of microbe

A

parasite

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24
Q

plasmodium genus is what

A

is the group of all the types of malaria (ex plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falciparum, etc.)

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25
Q

candida albicans is what type of microbe

A

yeast

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26
Q

echinococcus granulosis is what and causes what

A
  • parasite (dog tape worm)

- causes parasite disease in human (echinococcosis or hydatid disease)

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27
Q

nomenclature of viruses

A
  • by family, subfamily, genus and species + genus name

- this family name corresponds to a more common name that is used

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28
Q

influenza is what virus family

A

orthomyxoviridae

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29
Q

measles virus is what virus

A

morbillivirus

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30
Q

rabies is what virus family and name

A
  • rhabdoviridae

- lyssavirus

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31
Q

HIV is what virus family

A

retroviridae

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32
Q

influenza strcture

A
  • 8 RNA chromosomes
  • surface hemagglutinins (H) and neuraminidases (N)
  • can be type A or type B depending on genetic material (type C not pathogenic in humans)
  • specific nomenclature bc many influenza strains
33
Q

influenza nomenclature

A

all separated with /

  1. type (A or B)
  2. geographic origin
  3. strain nbr
  4. year of isolation
  5. add virus SUBtype in parentheses
    ex. A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)
34
Q

original influenza virus from which many influenza strains are derived

A

spanish flu (many strains derived from it). initially killed a lot of people but ended up being present normally and balancing with our immunity

35
Q

microbiote definition

A

microorganisms in our body + their environment. in skin, mucosal membranes (mouth, vagina), conjunctivae, gut

36
Q

microbiome def

A

collective genomes of resident microorganisms in a human body

37
Q

when do we get colonized by microorganisms and how

A

right after birth

  • baby swallows maternal stool organisms
  • baby touches walls of the vagina and the skin
  • diff makeup of microbiote if born by C-section
38
Q

what can influence your microbiote

A
  • Abx use
  • living in resource poor countries (more pathogenic organisms)
  • environmental contact (ingestion of food, social interactions)
39
Q

leprosy cause and symptoms

A
  • mycobacterium leprae (bacterium)

- bad skin diseases, destroys peripheral nervous system (lose pain sensation), lose limbs, ulcers

40
Q

2 dyes used in gram staining and steps

A
  1. crystal violet (blue purple)
  2. add iodine fixor (like KI) to fix the violet
  3. alcohol or acetone wash
  4. *add safranin (red pink)
41
Q

peptidoglycan wall of bacteria what forms it

A
  • molecules called NAG and NAM

- oligopeptides to connect NAGs and NAMs

42
Q

how bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan wall) is created)

A
  • penicillin binding protein (cell wall making protein)
  • bc if give it penicillin, will pick up penicillin, incorporate it in the wall = weak wall, holes, water in, bacteria bursts
43
Q

gram positive: bacteria wall and what stains

A

in to out

  1. plasma membrane with TM proteins
  2. THICC peptidoglycan cell wall
    * crystal violet will remain bc thicc wall
44
Q

gram negative: bacteria wall and what stains

A

in to out

  1. plasma membrane with TM proteins
  2. THIN peptidoglycan cell wall
  3. outer (plasma) membrane MADE OF LPS (LPS is very good at causing fever and shock)
    * violet washed bc thin peptidoglycan wall*
    * safranin stains peptidoglycan wall*
45
Q

bacteria ending with ‘‘myces’’ = gram+ or gram-

A

gram+

46
Q

(IMP) exceptions to the gram+ rule (some feminine sounding gram POSITIVE bacteria) (3)

A

gram POSITIVE:

  • listeria spp
  • nocardia spp
  • gemella spp
47
Q

(IMP) exceptions to the gram- rule (some masculine sounding gram NEGATIVE bacteria) (10)

A

gram NEGATIVE:

  • pseudomonas spp
  • aeromonas spp
  • haemophilus spp
  • acinetobacter spp
  • bacteroides spp
  • vibrio spp
  • enterobacter spp
  • citrobacter spp
  • campylobacter spp
  • proteus spp
48
Q

some bacteria without cell wall or unstable cell wall + name given to that

A

atypical (don’t stain well)

  • mycoplasma spp (pneumoniae or hominis)
  • chlamydia spp (trachomatis, pneumonia, psittaci)
49
Q

organism that caused the great plague (was a pneumonic plague)

A

yersinia pestis, gram neg.

  • transmitted by flees or rodents
  • lives in the gut
50
Q

defense barriers and adherence mechanisms of bacteria

A
  • capsule (excreted to slip away from phagocytes or opsonization, Abs and WBCs)
  • biofilms (gelatin that goes on the whole colony)
  • fimbriae (hairy things helping some bacteria to attach to our epithelium)
51
Q

LPS other name and what it does

A

endotoxin. leads to immune response
- cytokine release
- fever
- shock

52
Q

exotoxins (secreted by bacteria) or toxins are what and do what

A
  • proteins
  • digest us (bacteria get nutrients)
  • local effects on brain, GIT, etc.
  • can be superantigens
53
Q

superantigen definition (like certain toxins are)

A
  • recruits 10% WBCs and 10% of T cell pool
  • can lead to shock, necrotizing fasciitis (shock like syndrome)
  • binds MHC2 on APC and TCR on T cell no matter the specifity of the TCR and creates interaction. massive T cell activation and IL-2 release
54
Q

toxin that is an important cause of nosocomial diarrhea (local GI distress) and its organism

A

shigatoxin (also causes seizures, is a neurotoxin too. IS NOT the toxin causing hamburger disease)

  • shigella dysenteriae
  • E.coli O157:H7
55
Q

most lethal toxin in the world

A

botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum

56
Q

toxins that lead to paralysis: 2 categories

A

are neurotoxins or respiratory toxins

57
Q

some neurotoxins

A
  • botulinum toxin (botox): paralysis
  • tetanospasmin from Clostridium tetani: tetanus
  • shigatoxin: seizures (also cause of nosocomial diarrhea)
58
Q

some respiratory toxins (cause respiratory distress)

A
  • diphtheria toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae (URT illness, obstruction)
  • pertussis toxin from B. pertussis (whooping cough, insulin-induced hypoglycemia)
  • botulinum toxin (paralytic effect)
  • Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) from S.aureus: necrotizing pneumonia
59
Q

MRSA charact

A
  • methicillin resistant staph aureus

- produces PVL (kills leukocytes, boils on the skin, rupture and leak)

60
Q

hamburger disease is what

A
  • caused by verotoxin from e.coli O157:H7 infection
  • hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • bloody diarrhea
61
Q

listeriolysin O is what

A
  • toxin produced by listeria monocytogenes
  • causes lysis of phagosomes (to escape it) and allows IC replication of the bacterium
  • allows to evade the immune system
62
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration definition

A

-lowest conc. of an Abx needed to inhibit its growth (kill it)

63
Q

why can we overcome any Abx resistance theoretically but not practically

A

can kill bacteria with enough Abx BUT depends on toxicity and bioavailability

64
Q

(IMP) 2 things that can confer resistance to bacteria (2 things resistance genes do)

A
  • resistance gene for an enzyme that cleave Abx

- mutated binding site for the Abx (resistant gene of the protein that used to be a target)

65
Q

(IMP) other things resistance genes can do

A
  • protein that is a porin that is small enough so that Abx can’t get inside the cell
  • protein that pumps Abx out of the cell
66
Q

mycology (study of fungi): 2 major subdivions of fungi

A

yeasts (candida spp) and moulds (aspergillus spp and rhizopus spp)
some do both, depending on room temp

67
Q

fungi cell wall charact (and that are targeted by anti-fungal therapy)

A

in to out

  • phospholipid bilayer with ergosterol instead of cholesterol (which is in animals) as a stabilizer)
  • chitin (gives the cell its shape). is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (insects, crustaceans, mollusks, squids, octopi also have thant)
68
Q

main DNA viruses (6)

A
  • herpes virus group (HSV1,2, EBV, CMV, VZV, HHV6,7,8)
  • adenovirus
  • hepB virus
  • HPV
  • parvovirus
  • poxvirus
69
Q

main RNA viruses

A
  • hepA and hepC
  • rhinoviruses
  • measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
  • influenza
  • HIV
  • enteroviruses (coxsackie, poliovirus, echovirus)
  • poliovirus
70
Q

DNA viruses important charact

A

stay with us forever (in our genome)

71
Q

HPV infection consequence

A
  • cervical cancer
  • anal and genital warts
  • papillomas (warts on fingers and skin)
72
Q

HIV is what type of virus

A

retrovirus

73
Q

why is it that some viruses cause cancer

A
  • integrate in our DNA

- disrupt oncogenes, genes involved in self regulation

74
Q

some cancer causing viruses

A
  • hepC
  • HIV
  • EBV
  • HPV
  • HHV-8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma virus)
75
Q

malaria (#1 deadliest parasite in the world): what organism and what mosquito + charact

A

plasmodium falciparum

  • anopheles mosquito carries it
  • anopheles = 5 antennae + lifts back legs upwards + vertical stance
76
Q

protozoa def

A

single cell parasite (plasmodium, entamoeba, dientamoeba, cyclospora, isospora, toxoplasma spps)

77
Q

some worms

A

(multi celled parasites)

  • nematodes (roundworms) like ascaris spp.
  • plathyelminths (flat worms) and flukes like tinea spp, schistosoma spp, echinococcus spp
78
Q

Jobe’s syndrome

A

very rare autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome

  • recurrent cold staph infections
  • unusual bad eczema, boils on skin
79
Q

first vaccine ever done is against what disease

A

smallpox (gave cowpox in the vaccine)

Bloc G - Infection (39 decks)

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