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psych paper 2 > approaches - psychodynamic approach > Flashcards

approaches - psychodynamic approach Flashcards

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1
Q

assumptions

A
  1. behaviour is due to unconscious motives
  2. focuses on PAST experiences (relationships with parents during childhood which conflicts in creating behaviour and personality)
  3. understanding of ourselves = distorted by defence mechanisms
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2
Q

psychodynamic approach focuses on…

A

UNCONSCIOUS mind and PAST experiences

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3
Q

feature 1

A

role of the unconscious

including
1. conscious
2. preconscious
3. unconscious

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4
Q

the role of the unconscious
intro - AO1

A
  • part of our mind that contains info we are not consciously aware of e.g. REPRESSED MEMORIES
  • protects our conscious self from fears/anxiety
  • drives behaviour e.g. personality/behaviours
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5
Q

conscious

A
  • part of the mind we are AWARE of
  • ‘tip of the iceberg’
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6
Q

preconscious

A
  • just below our conscious mind
  • includes thoughts/ideas we MAY become aware of during dreams/freudian ‘slip of the tongue’
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7
Q

unconscious

A
  • part of the mind we are UNAWARE of
  • e.g. biological drives/instincts
  • threatening/disturbing memories that have been repressed/locked away/forgotten
  • but they continue to drive our behaviour
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8
Q

feature 2

A

structure of personality

including
1. ID - pleasure principle
2. EGO - reality principle
3. SUPEREGO - morality principle

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9
Q

ID - pleasure principle

A
  • UNCONSCIOUS part of the mind
  • only the ID present at birth
  • expects immediate gratification
  • focuses on self (selfish)
  • too overpowering for ego = selfish personality
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10
Q

EGO - reality principle

A
  • RATIONAL and CONSCIOUS part of the mind
  • forms between 18 months - 3 years
  • balances demands between superego and id by using DEFENCE MECHANISMS
  • to REDUCE CONFLICT
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11
Q

SUPEREGO - morality principle

A
  • forms between 3-6 years
  • arises from identification with same sex parent
  • internalised sense of right/wrong (conscience) based on parental values
  • too overpowering for ego = anxious personality, feelings of guilt
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12
Q

feature 3

A

defence mechanisms

including
1. repression
2. denial
3. displacement

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13
Q

describe what is meant by the term defence mechanism

A
  • UNCONSCIOUS strategies that the ego uses to balance conflict between id and superego
  • e.g. repression = forcing a distressing memory out of the mind
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14
Q

defence mechanisms AO1

A
  • defence mechanisms are used as the ego has a difficult time balancing conflict between id and superego
  • UNCONSCIOUS strategies that reduces conflict in the ego
  • can distort persons reality
  • overuse = affects behaviour
  • so not a long term solution
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15
Q

define repression

A
  • forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind to the unconscious
  • e.g. forgetting memory of pet dying
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16
Q

define denial

A
  • refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant aspect of reality
  • e.g. turning up to work when sacked
17
Q

define displacement

A
  • transferring feelings from a true source of distressing emotion
  • onto a less threatening substitute target
  • e.g. slamming door shut after argument
18
Q

feature 4

A

psychosexual stages

including
1. ORAL - 0-1 years
2. ANAL - 1-3 years
3. PHALLIC - 3-5 years
4. LATENCY - 6-12 years
5. GENITAL - 12 years

19
Q

acronym for psychosexual stages

A

Old
Age
Pensioners
Like
Gossiping

20
Q

psychosexual stages - AO1
intro

A
  • frued suggests we are born with an id which has innate sex energy that wants satisfaction
  • he suggests all children go through the 5 psychosexual stages
  • to get sexual satisfaction from birth
  • child must resolve conflict at each stage otherwise will become fixated
  • leading to certain adulthood behaviours
21
Q

oral stage 0-1 years

A

description
- mouth gratification for id
- e.g. sucking/dummies/mothers breast

consequence of fixation/unresolved conflict
- oral fixation
- e.g. smoking/biting nails
- sarcastic and critical in future

22
Q

anal stage 1-3 years

A

description
- gratification for id gained from anus
- expulsion/withholding faeces

consequence of fixation
- anal retentive personality e.g. perfectionist/obsessive
- anal expulsive personality e.g. messy/thoughtless

23
Q

phallic stage 3-5 years

A

description
- gratification of id comes from exploring own genitals
- to resolve conflict child must identify with same sex parent and take on same attitudes/behaviours/values

consequence of fixation
- phallic personality e.g. narcissistic, reckless, problems with authority

24
Q

latency 6-12 years

A

earlier problems repressed

25
Q

genital 12 years

A

description
- sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty

consequence of fixation
- difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

26
Q

criticism of psychosexual stages - AO3
psychic determinism

A

P - PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES can be criticised for psychic determinism

E - suggests that human behaviour is controlled by internal/external factors
- such as (fixations at a specific stage leading to inevitable behaviours
- e.g. oral fixation = biting nails/smoking)
AO1 SPECIFIC

E - neglects role of free will
- suggesting free will is an illusion
- individuals may feel as if they have no control over their behaviour

L - limits appropriateness of PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES when explaining human behaviour

27
Q

strength of psychodynamic approach - AO3

A

P - strength is practical applications

E - principle of theory: behaviour is due to the unconscious mind
- led to development of psychoanalysis

E - psychoanalysis helps treat disorders such as depression/anxiety
- by resolving hidden conflicts in unconscious mind

L - important part of applied psychology
- helps treat people in the real world

28
Q

limitation of structure of personality - AO3

A

P - structure of personality does not use scientific techniques
- lacks scientific rigour

E - concepts of id/ego/superego = abstract concepts
- cannot be tested objectively/empirically and falsified

E - cannot be observed and measured objectively

L - decreases internal validity of structure of personality and psychodynamic approach as explanation
- decreases scientific status of psych

29
Q

weakness of psychodynamic approach - AO3

A

P - although freud provided a detailed explanation lacks population validity

E - often based research around case studies on individuals in therapy

E - difficult to generalise findings and create laws of human behaviour

L - limiting psychodynamic approach

30
Q

criticism of structure of personality - AO3
psychic determinism

A

P - STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY can be criticised for psychic determinism

E - suggests that human behaviour is due to internal factors
- e.g. having a selfish personality due to overpowering id OR having anxious personality due to overpowering superego

E - neglects the role of free will
- suggesting free will is an illusion
- individuals may feel they have no control over their behaviour

L - limiting appropriateness of STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY when explaining human behaviour

31
Q

criticism of defence mechanisms - AO3
psychic determinism

A

P - DEFENCE MECHANISMS can be criticised for psychic determinism

E - suggests that human behaviour is due to internal factors
- e.g. overuse of defence mechanisms such as repression
- leads to distorted sense of reality
- leads to mental health disorders

E - neglects the role of free will
- suggesting free will is an illusion
- individuals may feel they have no control over their behaviour

L - limiting appropriateness of DEFENCE MECHANISMS when explaining human behaviour

psych paper 2 (19 decks)

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