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Psychology > Approaches (L9-13) > Flashcards

Approaches (L9-13) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key assumptions of the physcodynamic approach?

A
  • driving force behind our behaviour is the unconscious mind
  • instincts and drives motivate our behavior
  • early childhood makes us the person we are
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2
Q

What did Freud believe about levels of the mind, PA?

A
  • believed there are 3 levels to the mind
  • concius mind containing thoughts, feelings and memories that one is currently aware of
  • preconscious mind containing thoughts, feelings and memories that a person could access if they wanted
  • unconscious mind, Freud argued that the largest part of the mind is inaccessible
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3
Q

What did Freud believe about everday actions, PA?

A
  • not controlled conciously
  • product of the unconscious mind which reveals itself in slips of the tongue known as Freudiam slips, in creativity and neurotic symptoms
  • mind prevents traumatic thoughts, feelings and mems reaching conscious mind to avoid causation of anxiety
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4
Q

What occurs during psychoanalysis, PA?

A
  • therapist aka psychoanalyst tries to access unconscious mind of their patients
  • via free association and dream interpretation
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5
Q

What is free association, PA?

A
  • expressing everything within your conscious without censoring anything in an attempt to access unconscious processes
  • allowing patients to discuss thoughts, dreams, feelings etc. regardless of coherency
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6
Q

What is dream interpretation, PA?

A
  • interpretation of dreams to determine their underlying meanings
  • based on the notion that your unconscious mind protects you from your repressed desires by expressing those desires in dreams and hiding them away from your conscious mind
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7
Q

What is the structure of personality, PA?

A
  • has a tripartite structure
  • the Id, Ego and the Superego
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8
Q

How is personality shaped, PA?

A
  • experience and conflicts in childhood shape the development of all 3 parts
  • which affects how a person behaves
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9
Q

When is the Id formed and where is it, PA?

A
  • between birth and 18 months of age
  • in the unconscious mind
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10
Q

What does the Id do, PA?

A
  • focuses on the self (selfish)
  • is irrational and emotional
  • deals with feelings and needs and seeks pleasure
  • operates on the pleasure principle
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11
Q

When is the Ego formed and where is it, PA?

A
  • formed from around 18 months until 3 yrs
  • in the conscious and preconscious mind
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12
Q

What does the Ego do, PA?

A
  • rational
  • obtains a balance between the id and supergo
  • operates on the reality principle
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13
Q

When is the Superego formed and where is it, PA?

A
  • between 3 and 6 yrs
  • in all 3 areas of the mind mind
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14
Q

What does the Superego do, PA?

A
  • acts as a conscience or moral guide
  • based on parental and societal values
  • operates on the morality principle
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15
Q

What are defence mechanisms, PA?

A
  • help the ego manage the conflict between the id and superego
  • provide compromise solutions (usually unconscious) to deal with unresolvable conflict
  • also provide way to reduce anxiety, which weakens the ego’s influence
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16
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms, PA?

A
  • repression
  • denial
  • displacement
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17
Q

What is repression, PA?

A
  • unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts
  • but these repressed thoughts continue to influence behaviour
  • e.g. person abused in youth may not remember it but may struggle forming adult relationships
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18
Q

What is denial, PA?

A
  • refusal to accept reality
  • done to avoid having to deal with any painful feelings that may be associated with a traumatic situation
  • e.g. alcoholics denying that they have a drinking problem
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19
Q

What is displacement, PA?

A
  • occurs when the focus of a strong emotion is expressed on an alt person/object
  • e.g. student kicks locker after being given detention
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20
Q

What are psychosexual stages, PA?

A
  • Freud believed personality developed through 5 stages
  • referred to as psychosexual to emphasise that the main driving force in development is the need to express sexual energy (libido)
  • at each stage this energy is expressed in different ways through differents body parts
21
Q

What is there at each psychosexual stage, PA?

A
  • unconscious conflict
  • which needs to be resolved before next stage is reached
22
Q

What is thought about parents impact on the psychosexual stages, PA?

A
  • parents played an important role through the progression of the stages
  • if child is allowed too little or too much gratification at any of the stages fixation may occur
  • whereby child’s later adult personality would show permanent signs reflecting the stage at which fixation occured
23
Q

What are the psychosexual stages, PA?

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latent
  • genital
24
Q

The oral stage: age, description, consequence of resolution + consequence if unresolved, PA?

A
  • 0-1 yrs
  • focus of pleasure is mouth and mothers breast is focus of desire
    resolved = trusting and able to give/receive affection
    unresolved = oral fixation: smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical + overly dependant
25
Q

The anal stage: age, description, consequence of resolution + consequence if unresolved, PA?

A
  • 1-3 yrs
  • focus of pleasure is anus and child focuses on withholding and expelling faeces
    resolved = can deal with authority figures
    unresolved = anal retentive personality: perfectionist+obsessive, anal expulsive personality: thoughtless+messy
26
Q

The phallic stage: age, description, consequence of resolution + consequence if unresolved, PA?

A
  • 3-5 yrs
  • focus of pleasure is genitals and child experiences Oedipus/Electra complex
    resolved = adopts the behaviours/traits of the same sex
    unresolved = narcissistic, reckless + maybe homosexual
27
Q

The latent stage: age + description, PA?

A
  • 6-12 yrs
  • previous conflicts are resolved/repressed
  • early years are largely forgotten
28
Q

The genital stage: age, description, consequence of resolution + consequence if unresolved, PA?

A
  • 12+ yrs
  • sexual desires become conscious with onset of puberty
    resolved = individual is a well adjusted adult
    unresolved = difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
29
Q

What is the Oedipus complex, PA?

A
  • during phallic stage
  • boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mother
  • and hatred for their rival in love, father
  • boys repress feelings for their mother due to castration anxiety
  • and identify with their father
  • they then internalise fathers gender role and moral values, his superego
30
Q

What is the Electra complex, PA?

A
  • during phallic stage
  • girls experience penis envy and desire their father
  • girls believe they have been castrated and blame their mother
  • over time, desire for their father is given up
  • replaced with a desire for a baby
  • in turn, identify with their mother and internalise her gender role and moral values, her superego
31
Q

Psychodynamic +ve:

A
  • concepts like defence mechanisms have intuitive appeal, most people appreciate the ideas of denial, repression and displacement
    = practical applications, led to development of psychoanalysis
    = which is therapy treatment of anxiety disorders
    = laid the foundation for psychotherapy in modern psychiatry
  • cs of Little Hans supports Oedipus complex by proposed by Freud
  • but Oedipus complex could only be inferred from behaviour or reports thoughts/experiences (-)
  • subjective interpretation is open to investigator bias so PA lacks scientific vigour (-)
32
Q

Psychodynamic -ve:

A
  • cs of Little Hans supports Oedipus complex proposed by Freud (+)
  • but Oedipus complex could only be inferred from behaviour or reports thoughts/experiences
  • subjective interpretation is open to investigator bias so PA lacks scientific vigour
    = key concepts like unconscious mind and defence mechanisms lack falsifiability
    = unconscious processes so difficult to test
  • concepts based on small samples due to reliance of the case study method
  • poses problems of generalisability
33
Q

What are the key assumptions of the Humanist Approach (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)?

A
  • psych should study whole person (holistic) as everyone is unique
  • ppl have free will to make their own decisions in their lives
  • scientific method is too objective as methods fail to acknowledge subjective experiences of the individual
34
Q

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consist of, HA?

A
  • persons most basic physiological needs at bottom of the pyramid
  • most advanced needs at the top
  • ppl motivated to achieve progression through the levels
  • each level must be fulfilled in order to progress to the next
35
Q

What did Maslow believe about basic needs, HA?

A
  • the more basic the need
  • the more powerfully it is experienced
  • and more difficult it is to ignore
36
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top, HA?

A
  • physiological needs
  • safety needs
  • belongingness and love needs
  • esteem needs
  • self actualization
37
Q

What is self actualization,HA?

A
  • concerns physiological growth, fulfilment and satisfaction in life
  • final stage in Maslow’s hierarchy
  • occurs when a person reaches their full potential
  • and is the best version of themselves
38
Q

What did Maslow find about those who attained self actualisation, HA?

A
  • shared certain characteristics
  • tended to be creative, accepting of other people + had an accurate perception of the world around them
39
Q

When did Maslow believe people met self actualisation, HA?

A
  • in the form of peak experiences
  • moments of extreme inspiration and ecstasy
  • in which they felt able to leave behind all doubts, fear and inhibitions
40
Q

What did Rogers claim, HA?

A
  • ppl have 2 basic needs
  • feelings of self worth + positive regard from others
    (focus on the self)
41
Q

When do feelings of self worth develop, HA?

A
  • in childhood as a result of the child’s interactions with parents
  • further interactions with significant others in adulthood (friends, spouses, etc.) also have an influence
42
Q

What is meant by a state of congruence, HA?

A
  • when there is a similarity between a persons perceived self, how they view themselves
  • and their ideal self, how they would like to be
43
Q

What is meant by a state of incongruence, HA?

A
  • if there is a difference between the perceived self, how they view themselves
  • and their ideal self, how they would like to be
44
Q

How likely is it to be in a complete state of congruence, HA?

A
  • rare for a complete state of congruence to exist
  • most people experience some degree of incongruence
  • but most people see themselves in ways that are largely consistent with their ideal self
45
Q

What are conditions of worth, HA?

A
  • constraints an individual believes are put upon them by significant others that they deem necessary to gain positive regard
  • psychological issues are thought to arise as a direct result of conditions of worth
46
Q

What did Rogers believe about counselling psychology, HA?

A
  • therapists should provide clients with unconditional positive regard
  • to help resolve their conditions of worth
  • and guide them towards self actualisation, focusing on the authentic self
  • rather than acting in a directive way, human psychologists, view themselves as guides to help people understand themselves + find ways to enable their potential
47
Q

Humanist Approach +ve:

A
  • belief in free will
48
Q

Humanist Approach -ve:

A
  • humanists believe in free will
  • but science believes that all behaviour is caused by something (is determined)
  • determinism in science allows for general laws and predictability of behaviour
  • so their is limited application of the humanistic approach
    = lacks scientific rigour
    = suggests that we should study the whole person because each individual is unique
    = but science relies on reductionism i.e. reducing behaviour into its simplest components so that they can be studied objectively
  • propose concepts such as self-actualisation where definitions lack operationalisation
  • no objective measure of whether someone has self actualised leading to a lack of empirical evidence to support its claims
    = many of the ideas that are central to humanistic psychology like personal
    growth more readily associated with individualist cultures in the Western world like US
    = collectivist cultures (e.g. in China) which emphasise the needs of the community may not identify so easily with the ideals and values of humanistic psychology
    = so it is possible that this approach is the product of the cultural context within which it was developed
  • some critics argue that the humanistic approach presents an overly idealised
    and unrealistic view of human nature
  • ppl are not as inherently good or
    growth orientated as this approach suggests
  • this approach ignores the capacity for pessimism and self-destruction

Psychology (23 decks)

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