Approaches- Comparison Of Approaches Flashcards
What is the psychodynamic view of development?
The psychodynamic approach presents a coherent theory of development through psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital), with little development after the genital stage in adolescence.
How does the cognitive approach explain development?
The cognitive approach focuses on stage theories, such as Piaget’s, where children develop increasingly complex schema as they age, contributing to intellectual growth.
What is the biological approach’s view on development?
The biological approach emphasizes maturation, where genetically determined physiological changes influence psychological and behavioral development.
What is the behaviorist and social learning theory view on development?
These approaches do not propose stage theories but see learning processes (e.g., conditioning, observation) as continuous and applicable at any age.
How does humanistic psychology view development?
Humanistic psychologists see development as ongoing throughout life, with a child’s relationship with parents being a key determinant of psychological health.
What is the psychodynamic view of development?
The psychodynamic approach presents a coherent theory of development through psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital), with little development after the genital stage in adolescence.
How does the cognitive approach explain development?
The cognitive approach focuses on stage theories, such as Piaget’s, where children develop increasingly complex schema as they age, contributing to intellectual growth.
What is the biological approach’s view on development?
The biological approach emphasizes maturation, where genetically determined physiological changes influence psychological and behavioral development.
How does humanistic psychology view development?
Humanistic psychologists see development as ongoing throughout life, with a child’s relationship with parents being a key determinant of psychological health.
What is the behaviorist and social learning theory view on development?
These approaches do not propose stage theories but see learning processes (e.g., conditioning, observation) as continuous and applicable at any age.
How does the psychodynamic approach balance nature and nurture?
Freud emphasized biological drives (nature) but also highlighted the role of early relationships with parents (nurture) in shaping development.
What is the humanistic perspective on nature vs. nurture?
Humanistic psychologists focus on nurture, particularly the influence of parents, friends, and society on self-concept and personal growth.
How does the cognitive approach view nature vs. nurture?
Cognitive psychologists recognize innate information-processing abilities (nature) but also emphasize how these are refined through experience (nurture).
What is the behaviorist view on nature vs. nurture?
Behaviorists see humans as “blank slates” at birth, with all behavior learned through associations, reinforcement, or observation (nurture).
What is the biological approach’s view on nature vs. nurture?
The biological approach argues that behavior is determined by genetic inheritance and innate biological factors (nature).
What is reductionism?
Reductionism is the belief that behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller, simpler components.
How is behaviorism reductionist?
Behaviorism reduces complex behavior to stimulus-response units for testing in controlled environments.
How is the biological approach reductionist?
The biological approach reduces behavior to genetic, neural, and physiological processes.
How is the psychodynamic approach reductionist?
The psychodynamic approach reduces behavior to unconscious drives and instincts, though it also considers the interaction of id, ego, and superego as somewhat holistic.
How is the cognitive approach reductionist?
The cognitive approach is accused of machine reductionism, viewing humans as information-processing systems and ignoring emotional influences.
How is social learning theory reductionist?
Social learning theory reduces learning to key processes like imitation and modeling but includes cognitive factors and environmental interactions.
How does humanistic psychology differ in its approach?
Humanistic psychology is holistic, considering the whole person and their interactions with others and society.
What is determinism?
Determinism is the belief that all behavior has internal or external causes and is predictable.
How is behaviorism deterministic?
Behaviorism sees behavior as environmentally determined by external influences beyond individual control.
How is the biological approach deterministic?
The biological approach advocates genetic determinism, where behavior is directed by innate biological factors.
How is the psychodynamic approach deterministic?
The psychodynamic approach emphasizes psychic determinism, where unconscious forces drive behavior, which is rationalized by the conscious mind.
What is the cognitive approach’s view on determinism?
The cognitive approach adopts soft determinism, suggesting that while we choose our thoughts and behaviors, these choices are limited by our knowledge and experiences.
What is reciprocal determinism in social learning theory?
Reciprocal determinism, proposed by Bandura, suggests that while we are influenced by the environment, we also influence it through our behaviors.
How does humanistic psychology view determinism?
Humanistic psychology rejects determinism, emphasizing free will and the individual’s ability to determine their own development.
How does behaviorism explain abnormal behavior?
Behaviorism sees abnormality as the result of maladaptive or faulty learning, where inappropriate behaviors are reinforced.
What is the behaviorist treatment for abnormal behavior?
Behavior therapies, such as systematic desensitization, are used to treat conditions like phobias by targeting symptoms.
How does social learning theory explain abnormal behavior?
Social learning theory explains abnormal behavior as learned through observation and imitation of dysfunctional role models.
How does the psychodynamic approach explain abnormal behavior?
Freud saw anxiety disorders as stemming from unconscious conflicts, childhood trauma, and overuse of defense mechanisms.
What is the psychodynamic treatment for abnormal behavior?
Psychoanalysis aims to uncover unconscious conflicts but requires significant time and emotional reflection from the client.
What is the cognitive treatment for abnormal behavior?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) identifies and challenges faulty thinking to treat conditions like depression.
How does the cognitive approach explain abnormal behavior?
The cognitive approach attributes abnormal behavior to faulty thinking patterns, which are the root cause of maladaptive behaviors.
How does humanistic psychology explain abnormal behavior?
Humanistic psychology sees abnormal behavior as resulting from incongruence between the self-concept and ideal self.
How does the biological approach explain abnormal behavior?
The biological approach attributes abnormal behavior to chemical imbalances or genetic predispositions.
What is the humanistic treatment for abnormal behavior?
Humanistic therapy (e.g., Rogers’ client-centered therapy) aims to close the gap between the self-concept and ideal self to promote personal growth.
What is the biological treatment for abnormal behavior?
Drug therapy is used to regulate chemical imbalances in the brain, revolutionizing the treatment of mental disorders.
What is eclecticism in psychology?
Eclecticism combines multiple approaches, methods, and theoretical perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of human behavior.
How is eclecticism applied to mental disorder treatment?
Combining treatments (e.g., drugs, cognitive therapy, family therapy) has led to more effective outcomes for conditions like schizophrenia.
What are interactionist theories?
Interactionist theories combine different levels of explanation, such as the diathesis-stress model, which integrates biological predisposition and environmental triggers.
What are potential issues with eclecticism?
Eclecticism may lack a unified theoretical framework, leading to inconsistencies or difficulties in integrating diverse approaches effectively.
What is the biosocial approach?
The biosocial approach rejects the nature vs. nurture distinction, explaining how biological differences are reinforced by the environment, such as in gender development.
