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GCSE PE > Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four types of bones

A

flat bones
short bones
long bones
irregular bones

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2
Q

name all 14 bones

A 
Cranium
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Talus
Fibula
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Scapula
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3
Q

what are the 6 functions of the skeleton

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Shape&Structure
Blood Cell Production
Storage of Minerals
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4
Q

what is the support function of the skeleton

A

Provide support for the muscles and vital organs by holding them in place

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5
Q

what is the protection function of the skeleton

A

Bones act as a rigid shell. protect vital organs and CNS

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6
Q

what is the movement function of the skeleton

A

Movement takes place at joints where multiple bones articulate. Provides surface for muscle tendons to attach to

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7
Q

what is the Shape&Structure function of the skeleton

A

Skeleton provides the body with framework to prevent us being a pile of jelly

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8
Q

what is the blood cell production function of the skeleton

A

Bone marrow is where Red Blood cells, White Blood cells and Platelets are produced

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9
Q

what is the storage of minerals function of the skeleton

A

Bones store key minerals such as Calcium

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10
Q

what are synovial joints

A

Freely moveable joints

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11
Q

what are the 9 parts of the synovial joint

A 
Muscle, 
Tendon, 
Bursae, 
Bones, 
cartilage, 
Synovial fluid, 
ligament,
 synovial membrane, 
joint capsule
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12
Q

what are the two types of joints

A

Hinge joint

ball and socket joint

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13
Q

what two movements can happen at a hinge joint

A

Flexion

Extension

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14
Q

what is the role of ligaments in a synovial joint

A

stabilise the joint, attach to bones and go througth the middle

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15
Q

what is the role of cartilage in a synovial joint

A

at ends of the bones to stop bones rubbing against each other

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16
Q

what is the role of tendons in a synovial joint

A

attach bones to muscles to allow movement

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17
Q

what is the role of the bursae in a synovial joint

A

a sac filled with liquid to reduce friction between bone and tendon

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18
Q

what is the role of the joint capsule

A

tissue that stops synovial fluid form escaping and holds bones together

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19
Q

what is the role of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint

A

lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid

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20
Q

what is the role of synovial fluid in a synovial joint

A

liquid that lubricates the joint

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21
Q

what are the 7 basic movements

A 
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
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22
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

movement of the ankle that brings the toes towards the body

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23
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

movement of the ankle that allows the foot to extend

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24
Q

what are the 13 muscles

A 
deltoid
rotator cuff
pectorals
tricep
bicep
quadricep group
hip flexor
tibialis anterior
latissimus dorsi
gluteals
hamstring group
gastrocnemius
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25
Q

what is an antagonistic pair

A

two muscles that work together to allow movement

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26
Q

what is the role of the prime mover / agonist

A

the muscle contracts

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27
Q

what is the role of the antagonist

A

the muscle relaxes as the agonist contracts

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28
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

the muscle stays the same length so nothing moves

29
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

the muscles changes length so something moves

30
Q

what are the two types of isotonic contraction

A

concentric isotonic contractions

eccentric isotonic contraction

31
Q

what is a concentric isotonic contraction

A

this is when a muslces contracts and shortens

32
Q

what is an eccentric isotonic contraction

A

this is when a muscles contracts and lengthens

33
Q

what are the 11 parts of the respiratory system

A 
Nose
Mouth
Intercostal muscles
Rib cage
Broncholes
Alveoli
Capillaries
Lungs
Diaphragm
Bronchus
Trachea
34
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system

A

to oxygenate the blood and remove waste CO2

35
Q

how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

A

large surface area
thin walls
efficient blood supply

36
Q

what is inspiration

A

inhaling

37
Q

what is expiration

A

exhaling

38
Q

what happens during inspiration

A 
Ribs move up
Intercostal Muscles contract
diaphragm pulls down
chest expands
lungs decrease
39
Q

what happens during expiration

A 
Rib cage lowers
Intercostal Muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes in a dome position
chest becomes smaller
lungs increase
40
Q

what is a spirometer

A

graph that measures the five volumes associated with the lungs

41
Q

what is tidal volume

A

amount of gas an individual inspires or expires normally

42
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of gas an individual can exhale beyond tidal expiration

43
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of gas an individual can inhale beyond tidal inspiration

44
Q

what is residual volume

A

amount of gas remaining after maximum expiration

45
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the greatest possible amount of gas that can be inspired after greatest possible inspiration

46
Q

what are the four connections to the heart

A

Vena Cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta

47
Q

what are th four parts of the heart

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

48
Q

what are the two sides to the heart

A

deoxygenated right

oxygenated left

49
Q

what are the four types of blood vessels

A

capillaries
arteries
veins

50
Q

how is blood redistributed during exercise

A

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

51
Q

what is vasodilation

A

enlargement or stretching of vessels

52
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

constriction of vessels

53
Q

what is diastole

A

occurs when the chambers of the heart fill with blood

54
Q

what is systole

A

occurs when the chambers of the heart empty of blood

55
Q

what is cardiac output

A

total amount of blood outputted from the heart per minute

56
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped form the left ventricle per beat

57
Q

what is heart rate

A

amount of times the heart contracts per minute

58
Q

what is the cardiac output formula

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

59
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time

60
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

working at a high intensity so that the body doesn’t have time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time

61
Q

what does EPOC stand for

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

62
Q

what is EPOC

A

the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. it is characterised by deep breathing and increased breathing rate

63
Q

how does a massage help recover form exercise

A

increases blood flow to the muscles

64
Q

how does an ice bath help recover form exercise

A

helps to flush out lactic acid because cold constricts vessels

65
Q

what are the 5 immediate effects of exercise

A 
Heart rate increases
body temp increases
sweat
skin goes red
breathe more deeply and frequently
66
Q

what are short term effects of exercise

A

effects of exercise that are felt 24-36 hours after exercise

67
Q

what are the 6 short term effects of exercise

A 
muscle fatigue
light headed
nauseous
muscles ache
DOMS
muscle cramps
68
Q

what are the 6 long term effects of exercise

A 
body changes shape
improvements to specific components of fitness
work for longer periods
muscles increase in size and strength
heart size increases
resting heart rate lowers

GCSE PE (22 decks)

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