Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
what are the four types of bones
flat bones
short bones
long bones
irregular bones
name all 14 bones
Cranium Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Talus Fibula Ulna Radius Humerus Scapula
what are the 6 functions of the skeleton
Support Protection Movement Shape&Structure Blood Cell Production Storage of Minerals
what is the support function of the skeleton
Provide support for the muscles and vital organs by holding them in place
what is the protection function of the skeleton
Bones act as a rigid shell. protect vital organs and CNS
what is the movement function of the skeleton
Movement takes place at joints where multiple bones articulate. Provides surface for muscle tendons to attach to
what is the Shape&Structure function of the skeleton
Skeleton provides the body with framework to prevent us being a pile of jelly
what is the blood cell production function of the skeleton
Bone marrow is where Red Blood cells, White Blood cells and Platelets are produced
what is the storage of minerals function of the skeleton
Bones store key minerals such as Calcium
what are synovial joints
Freely moveable joints
what are the 9 parts of the synovial joint
Muscle, Tendon, Bursae, Bones, cartilage, Synovial fluid, ligament, synovial membrane, joint capsule
what are the two types of joints
Hinge joint
ball and socket joint
what two movements can happen at a hinge joint
Flexion
Extension
what is the role of ligaments in a synovial joint
stabilise the joint, attach to bones and go througth the middle
what is the role of cartilage in a synovial joint
at ends of the bones to stop bones rubbing against each other
what is the role of tendons in a synovial joint
attach bones to muscles to allow movement
what is the role of the bursae in a synovial joint
a sac filled with liquid to reduce friction between bone and tendon
what is the role of the joint capsule
tissue that stops synovial fluid form escaping and holds bones together
what is the role of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint
lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid
what is the role of synovial fluid in a synovial joint
liquid that lubricates the joint
what are the 7 basic movements
flexion extension abduction adduction rotation plantar flexion dorsiflexion
what is dorsiflexion
movement of the ankle that brings the toes towards the body
what is plantar flexion
movement of the ankle that allows the foot to extend
what are the 13 muscles
deltoid rotator cuff pectorals tricep bicep quadricep group hip flexor tibialis anterior latissimus dorsi gluteals hamstring group gastrocnemius
what is an antagonistic pair
two muscles that work together to allow movement
what is the role of the prime mover / agonist
the muscle contracts
what is the role of the antagonist
the muscle relaxes as the agonist contracts
what is an isometric contraction
the muscle stays the same length so nothing moves
what is an isotonic contraction
the muscles changes length so something moves
what are the two types of isotonic contraction
concentric isotonic contractions
eccentric isotonic contraction
what is a concentric isotonic contraction
this is when a muslces contracts and shortens
what is an eccentric isotonic contraction
this is when a muscles contracts and lengthens
what are the 11 parts of the respiratory system
Nose Mouth Intercostal muscles Rib cage Broncholes Alveoli Capillaries Lungs Diaphragm Bronchus Trachea
what is the function of the respiratory system
to oxygenate the blood and remove waste CO2
how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange
large surface area
thin walls
efficient blood supply
what is inspiration
inhaling
what is expiration
exhaling
what happens during inspiration
Ribs move up Intercostal Muscles contract diaphragm pulls down chest expands lungs decrease
what happens during expiration
Rib cage lowers Intercostal Muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes in a dome position chest becomes smaller lungs increase
what is a spirometer
graph that measures the five volumes associated with the lungs
what is tidal volume
amount of gas an individual inspires or expires normally
what is expiratory reserve volume
amount of gas an individual can exhale beyond tidal expiration
what is inspiratory reserve volume
amount of gas an individual can inhale beyond tidal inspiration
what is residual volume
amount of gas remaining after maximum expiration
what is vital capacity
the greatest possible amount of gas that can be inspired after greatest possible inspiration
what are the four connections to the heart
Vena Cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
what are th four parts of the heart
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
what are the two sides to the heart
deoxygenated right
oxygenated left
what are the four types of blood vessels
capillaries
arteries
veins
how is blood redistributed during exercise
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
what is vasodilation
enlargement or stretching of vessels
what is vasoconstriction
constriction of vessels
what is diastole
occurs when the chambers of the heart fill with blood
what is systole
occurs when the chambers of the heart empty of blood
what is cardiac output
total amount of blood outputted from the heart per minute
what is stroke volume
volume of blood pumped form the left ventricle per beat
what is heart rate
amount of times the heart contracts per minute
what is the cardiac output formula
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
what is aerobic respiration
working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time
what is anaerobic respiration
working at a high intensity so that the body doesn’t have time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time
what does EPOC stand for
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
what is EPOC
the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. it is characterised by deep breathing and increased breathing rate
how does a massage help recover form exercise
increases blood flow to the muscles
how does an ice bath help recover form exercise
helps to flush out lactic acid because cold constricts vessels
what are the 5 immediate effects of exercise
Heart rate increases body temp increases sweat skin goes red breathe more deeply and frequently
what are short term effects of exercise
effects of exercise that are felt 24-36 hours after exercise
what are the 6 short term effects of exercise
muscle fatigue light headed nauseous muscles ache DOMS muscle cramps
what are the 6 long term effects of exercise
body changes shape improvements to specific components of fitness work for longer periods muscles increase in size and strength heart size increases resting heart rate lowers
