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2 MJM > AP02 - bones and cartilage > Flashcards

AP02 - bones and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrous

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2
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage roughly found?

A

lining articular surfaces of synovial joints (other than TMJ)

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3
Q

What is the TMJ and what cartilage does it use?

A

temporomandicular joint

fibrocartilage

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4
Q

What does cartilage ECm typically have>

A

collagen

proteoglycans (like aggrecan)

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5
Q

What does the ground substance of hyaline cartilage contain?

What is the function of this substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans (3 types):
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulphate
keratin sulphate

traps water - frictionless

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6
Q

Why is hyaine cartilage particularly strong?

A

collagen (II)

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7
Q

What cartilage group does articular cartilage belong to?

A

hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

What are the layers to articular cartilage?

A 
tangenital layer (collagen parallel to bone surface)
transitional zone (large chondrocytes)
radial layer (cartilage is partially calcified)
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9
Q

How well is cartilage vascularised?

Why is this significant?

A

not!

dependent on diffusion through hydrated matrix for survival - metabolites originate from the synovial fluid

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10
Q

What two processes dictate cartilage tissue turnover?

A

anabolism

catabolism

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11
Q

How might cartilage anabolism be affected by stress or disuse?

A

stress - anabolic activity can’t keep up

disuse - inhibits anabolism, net degeneration

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12
Q

What is the first stage in development of OA?

A

changes in articular cartilagelimit ability to withstand compressive forces
stressed chondrocyts release tissue breakdown particles

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13
Q

What is the second stage of OA development

A

necrosed tissue is surrounded by focal clumps of proliferating cartilage
surviving chondrocytes attempt to repair lesion

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14
Q

What is the third stage of OA development

A

Once the bone is exposed, microfractures of the trabeculae occur

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15
Q

What is the fourth stage of OA development

A

osteoblasts respond by forming new bone, where other areas become necrosed
degeneration and regeneration cycle limits strength

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16
Q

Give 3 general functions of bone

A

mechanical support
calcium homeostasis
haematopoiesis

17
Q

What is periosteum?

A

2 fibro-collagenous membranes, with osteoblasts (for proliferatio)
Covers the whole bone other than bits with cartilage

18
Q

What do osteoblasts make, and where?

What else might this structure be called?

A

osteons, which surround central canals with neurovasculature and osteoblasts

Haversian system

19
Q

What is the structure of marrow bone?

What happens to marrow bone over time?

A

spaces with haematopoietic cells (red) or fat (white)

over time, the bone gets more fatty

20
Q 
Cortical bone:
location
functino
periosteum
tissue turnover
blood supply
A 
diaphysis of long bones
structural support
thick
slow
sparse
21
Q 
Cancellous bone:
locatin
funcion
periosteum
tissue turnover
blood supply
A

metaphyseal or marrow bone, in tarsals and carpals, diploe of flat bones

metabolic function
thin
rapid
rich

22
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

shaft of long bone, doesn’t cope well with torque

23
Q

define Epiphysis

A

growth plate - mitotically dividing cartilage

capable of hypertrophy

24
Q

define metaphysis

A

widening aspect between diaphysis and epiphysis

25
Q

define epicondyle

A

profection close to the condyle for ligament and tendon attachment

26
Q

What is woven bone?

A

irregular bone in developing and growing bones, or in healing fractures
It is remodelled into lamellar bone

27
Q

What is the structure of an osteon?

A

osteocytic lacunae occur with canaliculi radiating through the lamellae, facilitating intercellular communication

28
Q

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

osteoblasts differentiate directly form mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid - forms flat bones

29
Q

How does endochondral ossification occur?

A

pre-existing matric of hyaline caratilage is eroded and invaaded by osteoblasts, which then beigin osteoid production

30
Q

Define synarthrosis

A

a rigid cartilaginous join between two bones

31
Q

Define synostisis

A

fused bones - immovable

32
Q

How might collagen fibres be arranged to offer greater stability?

A

concentric rings, weightbearing along a greater axis

33
Q

What type of ossification are flat bones formed by?

A

intramembranous ossification

34
Q

What happens to chondrocytes over their lifetime?

A

proliferate away from the blood, so they eventually stop mitosis and grow

they then calcify and die

2 MJM (28 decks)

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