AP World 4.4-4.5 Flashcards
What were the three major motivations for establishing empires in sea based areas?
Gold (to enrich themselves), God (spread christianity), be the greatest state (glory)
Describe the establishment of the portuaguese maritime empire
First to establish a trading post empire, able to do this because merchant ships didn’t have a lot of guns so they filled their ships with a lot of guns so they could gain power, after they wanted to control it with force
Describe the establishment of the Spanish maritime empire
set up base operations in the phillipines, established full-blown colonies in the americas through tribute systems, taxation, and coerced labor
Describe the establishment of the Dutch maritime empire
with their dutch fluyts, they took over the portuguese and became the ‘kings’ , like the portuguese they used force to own and control territory
Describe the establishment of the British maritime empire
wanted India but didn’t have the power to take it from the Mughal empire,set up a few trading posts along the coast of the Mughal empire (which eventually turned into colonies)
Who are Gujaratis and what did they do?
they are long established merchants in the Mughal empire who continued to use the Indian Ocean Trade even while Europeans sought to dominate it, and in doing so they increased their power and wealth
What is Tokygawa in Japan?
lots of people in Japan had converted to christianity so the ruler abolished it and suppressed the people
What was Zheng He’s goal for Ming China and what was the result?
make sure most of the trade in the Indian Ocean Trade Network was processed through the Chinese state, this resulted in no more sea-based trade in China
What is the Asante Empire?
In West Africa. key trading partner with the portuguese and british by providing gold, ivory, and enslaved laborers, became super rich so they could expand their military, which they later used to repel the British
What was the economy structure based on in the Americas (1450-1750)?
agriculture
What is chattel slavery?
chattel=property, meant the slaves were owned, race-based and heridetary
What is indentured servitude?
contracts that bound slaves to work for an amount of time
What is the encomienda system?
in Spain, forced indigenous americans to work for colonial authorities, focused on population
What is the hacienda system?
in spain, very similar to the encomienda system but more focused on economics of food export
What are haciendas?
large agricultural states owned by elite Spaniards and on where indigenous laborers were forced to work the fields, whose crops were exported and sold on a global market
What is mercantilism?
a state driven economic system that ephasizes the buildup of mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade (the world is a pie and everyone wants the most for themselves and the least fro everyone else)
Why was mercantilism a powerful motivation for establishing and growing empires?
once a colony was established it created a closed market to purchase exports
What are joint-stock companies?
limited liabilty business often chartered by the state, which was funded by a group of investors, gov. approved business and granted trade monopolies but it was privately funded
What was the relationship between merchants and the state?
The state used merchants to expand its influence in far off lands while merchants relied on the state to keep their interests and activity safe while granting them monopolies to trade and this arrangement led to expanding empires
What is the Dutch East India company?
chartered by the Dutch state who subsequentely granted the company a monopoly on trade in the Indian Ocean, the company’s investors became exceedinly rich and the dutch was able to expand their power and inflence across the indian ocean
What was the Atlantic system and what did it lead to?
the movement of goods, wealth, and laborers beetween east and west, led to the importance of sugar
Who are artisans?
skilled laborers who made goods by hand
What is polygyny?
When a man marries more than one woman
What are creole languages?
mixed languages
