Ap Test 2 Flashcards
Atmosphere
Gases around earth, envelope gasses surrounding earths surface
Layers of atmosphere, from lowest to highest
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
Troposphere contains
The air we breathe
Which layer of atmosphere do we live in?
Troposphere
Troposphere extends up to -
11 miles above earths surface
Troposphere is composed of
78% pure nitrogen (Na), 21% O2 (pure oxygen), H2O gas/vapor, CO2 gas, H4 gas (methane)
What’s the densest part of atmosphere
Troposphere
Atmosphere gets thinner, more - at the bottom
Dense
Stratosphere contains
Contains ozone (O3) that filters 95% of the UV radiation from the sun
Stratosphere extends
Approx 11 to 31 miles above troposphere
Allotrope, example
2 different forms of the same pure substance (element) O2 and O3= allotropes of oxygen
Mesosphere extends
Approx 31 to 55 miles above earths surface
Thermosphere extends
Extends 55 to 87 miles above earths surface
Hydrosphere
(Water sphere), made up of all the water on earth or near earths surface
Hydrosphere exists as (3), units?
- H2O (g) in atmosphere
- H2O (l) on surface/underground
- H2O (s) in polar ice, icebergs, glaciers, permafrost
Oceans are - percent of earths water
97%
Permafrost is frozen solid for - years minimum
2
Geosphere
(Land sphere), consists of earths core, mantle, and crust
Layers of geosphere, what are they
- Core:hot center
- Mantle: Rock
- Crust: thin outer surface
Biosphere
(Life sphere) consists of parts of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found
Factors sustaining life on earth (life depends on these) (3)
- High quality energy from the sun
- Nutrient cycling (Law of Conservation of Mass)
- Gravity
Greenhouse effect
Absorption of infra red radiation by atmospheric gasses and reradiation of energy back toward earth, helps to maintain ideal temperatures
Ecology
The study of how organisms interact w/ each other and their environment
Cell
Smallest functional unit of life
Organism
Individual living thing
Population
Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place
Community
Populations of different species living in a particular place
Ecosystem
Community of different species interacting with each other and their no living environment
Trophic levels
Successive levels of organisms consuming each other, hierarchy of feeding levels
Producer also known as
Autotrophs
Producer , ex (3)
Uses energy from the sun to produce usable forms of energy
Make needed nutrients from compounds and energy obtained from their environment
Capable of carrying out photosynthesis
Plants, algae, plankton
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight->C6H12O6+6O2
What’s C6H12O6
Glucose
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy
What’s energy molecule of cells
ATP
Consumer also called
Heterotroph
Consumer
Organisms that must obtain energy by consuming other organisms
Cannot produce needed energy through photosynthesis
Kinds of consumers, definitions (3)
- Herbivore: a consumer that eats producers (plants)
- Carnivore: consumer that eats other consumers
- Omnivore:organism that eats producers (plants) and consumers (animals)
Herbivore also called
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Carnivore that eats primary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Carnivore that eats secondary consumer
Detritivore
Organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products
Detritus
Parts of dead organisms and fragments of waste of living organisms
Scavengers
Larger organisms that feed on carrion
Carrion
Rotting carcasses
Decomposer
Organisms that convert organic matter into elements and molecules that are recycled back into the ecosystem
Energy stored as - in bodies and wastes of organisms flow through ecosystems from one - to another
Nutrients, tropic level
Food chain, series of - from - through -,
Movement of - between -
Sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers
Energy, trophic levels
Food web shows more complex - of - in a -
Shows more complex interrelationships of energy flow in a diverse community
Pyramid of energy flow also called
Trophic pyramid
Trophic pyramid shows the - in — available at each succeeding - in a food chain or web
Decrease, usable chemical energy, trophic level
Sun -% of energy goes to -
99% plants
-% GPP->NPP
Gross primary productivity->Net primary productivity
1%
_%NPP
40%
Respiration= -%
60%
Ecological efficiency
Percent of — transferred as - from one – to the next
Percent of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next
In general, -% of energy is lost as - (–)
-% stored in -/- that –
90%, lost as heat (usable energy)
10% stored in herbivore/ animal that ate it
Percent equation
Part/whole x 100
Amount of - available determines how much - the ecosystem can support
Conclusion: the more - available at – of food chain, the - - there will be for - at the - of the energy pyramid
Energy, life, ecosystem can support
Energy, the base, the more energy there will be for consumers at the top of energy pyramid
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Total amount of – that - in an ecosystem capture through - over a — time
The - at which - convert – into – in the form of - found in their -
Total amount solar energy, producers, capture through photosynthesis, over a given amount of time
Rate, producers, convert solar energy, chemical energy, biomass, tissues
GPP also rate of
Photosynthesis
GPP is the - energy available
Total
Units of Gross Productivity (4)
- Kilocalorie
- Kcal
- Meters^2/year
- G/m2
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- captured by - in an ecosystem - the - the - -
Energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire
Equation to find NPP
GPP-Respiration= NPP
NPP is the amount of - actually - for use
Energy , available for use
Study biogeochemical cycles cards
You can do it!
Biome, part of the -
Large region of the biosphere characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plants and animals
Biosphere
Kinds of biomes (2)
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Terrestrial biome
Geographic region characterized by a particular - of average –, –, and distinctive — on -
Combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land
Aquatic biome
Aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of -,-, and –
Salinity, depth, water flow
Kinds of terrestrial biomes (6)
- Tundra
- Boreal forest
- Temperate deciduous forest
- Temperate rainforest
- Grassland
- Desert
Tundra
- and - biome with —
Cold, treeless, low growing vegetation
Where is Arctic tundra located (4) in - regions of -.
What hemisphere?
Northernmost regions of
- Russia
- Canada
- Scandinavia
- Alaska
Northern hemisphere
Where is Antarctic tundra located? What hemisphere? Any places near it? What area of place?
Located along edges of Antarctica and nearby islands
Climate is -, -, and -
Long -, short -
Short –
Frozen - (-)
Cold, windy, dry
Winters, Summers
Growing seasons
Frozen soil (permafrost= frozen more than 2 years)
Light in tundra
- hour daylight in -, - hour - in -
Light intensity is -
24 hour daylight in summer, 24 hour darkness in winter
Low
Soil in tundra=-
Permafrost
Permafrost
- frozen -
Prevents –
Doesn’t allow – to -
Permanently frozen soil
Prevents proper damage
Doesn’t allow plant roots to penetrate
Vegetation in tundra (6)
Lichens Mosses Grasses Sedges Reeds Dwarf trees (willow, birch)
Plant adaptations
Growth is -
- branching roots
Most are -
Are – plants (require a lot of - to trigger -/-)
Stunted
Shallow
Perennials
Long-day plants, light, growth/reproduction
Animals in the tundra (5)
Arctic hare Arctic fox Snowy owl Polar bears Caribou (reindeer)
Animal adaptations
Adaptations to cold? (4)
Camouflage:white coats in winter/darker in summer
Cold: Insulating layer of fat Body extremities are shorter Stay in tunnels within snow banks Thicker feathers/fur
Humans disturb tundra – (-,-)
- environment (-,-)
- animal - (-,-)
Destroy –,–
Migration routes (roads, pipelines)
Contaminate (oil, pollution)
Decrease, populations (hunting, fishing)
Nesting sites, spawning grounds
Types of forest biomes (3)
- Boreal (taiga)
- Temperate deciduous
- Tropical rainforest
All forest biomes are dominated by - and are areas of – and -
Trees, high productivity and biodiversity
If an area has lots of productivity, it has
Lots of photosynthesis, production of sugars
Boreal forest
-biome made up of primarily - trees that can tolerate – and short –
Located between - and - in -, -, and -
Forest, coniferous, cold winters, growing seasons
50 degrees N and 60 degrees north in Europe, Russia, and North America
Climate of boreal forest
Temp - than tundra (closer to - than tundra)
- growing season
- aren’t as - or -
- is heavier
- is higher
Higher (equator) Longer Winters aren't as long or severe Snowfall is heavier Precipitation is higher
Light in boreal forest
- days are shorter
- is higher
- is shorter
Summer days
Light intensity
Photoperiod
Soil in boreal forest is
- in -
- because of -
Low in nutrients
Acidic soil because of pine needles
Vegetation in boreal forest (9)
Pine trees Cedar trees Spruce trees Firs Ferns Mosses Lichens Spagnum moss Fungi
Plant adaptations in boreal forest
- leaves Leaves covered with -- - located on - of leaves - are flexible Don't lose -- at once Produce ---
Needle Thick cuticle Stomata underside Branches All leaves Protective sticky resin
Animals in the boreal forest (13)
Foxes, wolves, moose, Hawks, owl, Lynx, wolverine, voles, shrews, squirrels, rabbits, chipmunks, bears
Animal adaptations of animals in taiga (3)
Camouflage
Thick coats
Hibernation
Camouflage of animals in taiga
- coats in -
Lighter coats in winter
Thick coats of animals in taiga for - and - in -
Protection and insulation in winter
Hibernation of animals in taiga to –
Reduce metabolism
Human impact on boreal forest
Cutting/wasting trees
Fires
What are the four components of earth system
Atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere
