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Ap Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atmosphere

A

Gases around earth, envelope gasses surrounding earths surface

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2
Q

Layers of atmosphere, from lowest to highest

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

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3
Q

Troposphere contains

A

The air we breathe

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4
Q

Which layer of atmosphere do we live in?

A

Troposphere

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5
Q

Troposphere extends up to -

A

11 miles above earths surface

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6
Q

Troposphere is composed of

A

78% pure nitrogen (Na), 21% O2 (pure oxygen), H2O gas/vapor, CO2 gas, H4 gas (methane)

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7
Q

What’s the densest part of atmosphere

A

Troposphere

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8
Q

Atmosphere gets thinner, more - at the bottom

A

Dense

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9
Q

Stratosphere contains

A

Contains ozone (O3) that filters 95% of the UV radiation from the sun

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10
Q

Stratosphere extends

A

Approx 11 to 31 miles above troposphere

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11
Q

Allotrope, example

A

2 different forms of the same pure substance (element) O2 and O3= allotropes of oxygen

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12
Q

Mesosphere extends

A

Approx 31 to 55 miles above earths surface

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13
Q

Thermosphere extends

A

Extends 55 to 87 miles above earths surface

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14
Q

Hydrosphere

A

(Water sphere), made up of all the water on earth or near earths surface

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15
Q

Hydrosphere exists as (3), units?

A
  1. H2O (g) in atmosphere
  2. H2O (l) on surface/underground
  3. H2O (s) in polar ice, icebergs, glaciers, permafrost
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16
Q

Oceans are - percent of earths water

A

97%

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17
Q

Permafrost is frozen solid for - years minimum

A

2

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18
Q

Geosphere

A

(Land sphere), consists of earths core, mantle, and crust

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19
Q

Layers of geosphere, what are they

A
  1. Core:hot center
  2. Mantle: Rock
  3. Crust: thin outer surface
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20
Q

Biosphere

A

(Life sphere) consists of parts of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found

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21
Q

Factors sustaining life on earth (life depends on these) (3)

A
  1. High quality energy from the sun
  2. Nutrient cycling (Law of Conservation of Mass)
  3. Gravity
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22
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Absorption of infra red radiation by atmospheric gasses and reradiation of energy back toward earth, helps to maintain ideal temperatures

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23
Q

Ecology

A

The study of how organisms interact w/ each other and their environment

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24
Q

Cell

A

Smallest functional unit of life

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25
Q

Organism

A

Individual living thing

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26
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place

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27
Q

Community

A

Populations of different species living in a particular place

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28
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of different species interacting with each other and their no living environment

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29
Q

Trophic levels

A

Successive levels of organisms consuming each other, hierarchy of feeding levels

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30
Q

Producer also known as

A

Autotrophs

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31
Q

Producer , ex (3)

A

Uses energy from the sun to produce usable forms of energy

Make needed nutrients from compounds and energy obtained from their environment

Capable of carrying out photosynthesis

Plants, algae, plankton

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32
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight->C6H12O6+6O2

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33
Q

What’s C6H12O6

A

Glucose

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34
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy

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35
Q

What’s energy molecule of cells

A

ATP

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36
Q

Consumer also called

A

Heterotroph

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37
Q

Consumer

A

Organisms that must obtain energy by consuming other organisms

Cannot produce needed energy through photosynthesis

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38
Q

Kinds of consumers, definitions (3)

A
  1. Herbivore: a consumer that eats producers (plants)
  2. Carnivore: consumer that eats other consumers
  3. Omnivore:organism that eats producers (plants) and consumers (animals)
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39
Q

Herbivore also called

A

Primary consumer

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40
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Carnivore that eats primary consumer

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41
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

Carnivore that eats secondary consumer

42
Q

Detritivore

A

Organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products

43
Q

Detritus

A

Parts of dead organisms and fragments of waste of living organisms

44
Q

Scavengers

A

Larger organisms that feed on carrion

45
Q

Carrion

A

Rotting carcasses

46
Q

Decomposer

A

Organisms that convert organic matter into elements and molecules that are recycled back into the ecosystem

47
Q

Energy stored as - in bodies and wastes of organisms flow through ecosystems from one - to another

A

Nutrients, tropic level

48
Q

Food chain, series of - from - through -,

Movement of - between -

A

Sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers

Energy, trophic levels

49
Q

Food web shows more complex - of - in a -

A

Shows more complex interrelationships of energy flow in a diverse community

50
Q

Pyramid of energy flow also called

A

Trophic pyramid

51
Q

Trophic pyramid shows the - in — available at each succeeding - in a food chain or web

A

Decrease, usable chemical energy, trophic level

52
Q

Sun -% of energy goes to -

A

99% plants

53
Q

-% GPP->NPP

Gross primary productivity->Net primary productivity

A

1%

54
Q

_%NPP

A

40%

55
Q

Respiration= -%

A

60%

56
Q

Ecological efficiency

Percent of — transferred as - from one – to the next

A

Percent of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next

57
Q

In general, -% of energy is lost as - (–)

-% stored in -/- that –

A

90%, lost as heat (usable energy)

10% stored in herbivore/ animal that ate it

58
Q

Percent equation

A

Part/whole x 100

59
Q

Amount of - available determines how much - the ecosystem can support

Conclusion: the more - available at – of food chain, the - - there will be for - at the - of the energy pyramid

A

Energy, life, ecosystem can support

Energy, the base, the more energy there will be for consumers at the top of energy pyramid

60
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

Total amount of – that - in an ecosystem capture through - over a — time

The - at which - convert – into – in the form of - found in their -

A

Total amount solar energy, producers, capture through photosynthesis, over a given amount of time

Rate, producers, convert solar energy, chemical energy, biomass, tissues

61
Q

GPP also rate of

A

Photosynthesis

62
Q

GPP is the - energy available

A

Total

63
Q

Units of Gross Productivity (4)

A
  1. Kilocalorie
  2. Kcal
  3. Meters^2/year
  4. G/m2
64
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

  • captured by - in an ecosystem - the - the - -
A

Energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

65
Q

Equation to find NPP

A

GPP-Respiration= NPP

66
Q

NPP is the amount of - actually - for use

A

Energy , available for use

67
Q

Study biogeochemical cycles cards

A

You can do it!

68
Q

Biome, part of the -

A

Large region of the biosphere characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plants and animals

Biosphere

69
Q

Kinds of biomes (2)

A

Terrestrial

Aquatic

70
Q

Terrestrial biome

Geographic region characterized by a particular - of average –, –, and distinctive — on -

A

Combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land

71
Q

Aquatic biome

Aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of -,-, and –

A

Salinity, depth, water flow

72
Q

Kinds of terrestrial biomes (6)

A
  1. Tundra
  2. Boreal forest
  3. Temperate deciduous forest
  4. Temperate rainforest
  5. Grassland
  6. Desert
73
Q

Tundra

  • and - biome with —
A

Cold, treeless, low growing vegetation

74
Q

Where is Arctic tundra located (4) in - regions of -.

What hemisphere?

A

Northernmost regions of

  1. Russia
  2. Canada
  3. Scandinavia
  4. Alaska

Northern hemisphere

75
Q

Where is Antarctic tundra located? What hemisphere? Any places near it? What area of place?

A

Located along edges of Antarctica and nearby islands

76
Q

Climate is -, -, and -
Long -, short -
Short –
Frozen - (-)

A

Cold, windy, dry
Winters, Summers
Growing seasons
Frozen soil (permafrost= frozen more than 2 years)

77
Q

Light in tundra

  • hour daylight in -, - hour - in -
    Light intensity is -
A

24 hour daylight in summer, 24 hour darkness in winter

Low

78
Q

Soil in tundra=-

A

Permafrost

79
Q

Permafrost

  • frozen -
    Prevents –
    Doesn’t allow – to -
A

Permanently frozen soil
Prevents proper damage
Doesn’t allow plant roots to penetrate

80
Q

Vegetation in tundra (6)

A 
Lichens
Mosses
Grasses
Sedges
Reeds
Dwarf trees (willow, birch)
81
Q

Plant adaptations

Growth is -
- branching roots
Most are -
Are – plants (require a lot of - to trigger -/-)

A

Stunted
Shallow
Perennials
Long-day plants, light, growth/reproduction

82
Q

Animals in the tundra (5)

A 
Arctic hare
Arctic fox
Snowy owl
Polar bears 
Caribou (reindeer)
83
Q

Animal adaptations

Adaptations to cold? (4)

A

Camouflage:white coats in winter/darker in summer

Cold:
Insulating layer of fat
Body extremities are shorter 
Stay in tunnels within snow banks 
Thicker feathers/fur
84
Q

Humans disturb tundra – (-,-)
- environment (-,-)
- animal - (-,-)
Destroy –,–

A

Migration routes (roads, pipelines)
Contaminate (oil, pollution)
Decrease, populations (hunting, fishing)
Nesting sites, spawning grounds

85
Q

Types of forest biomes (3)

A
  1. Boreal (taiga)
  2. Temperate deciduous
  3. Tropical rainforest
86
Q

All forest biomes are dominated by - and are areas of – and -

A

Trees, high productivity and biodiversity

87
Q

If an area has lots of productivity, it has

A

Lots of photosynthesis, production of sugars

88
Q

Boreal forest

-biome made up of primarily - trees that can tolerate – and short –

Located between - and - in -, -, and -

A

Forest, coniferous, cold winters, growing seasons

50 degrees N and 60 degrees north in Europe, Russia, and North America

89
Q

Climate of boreal forest

Temp - than tundra (closer to - than tundra)

  • growing season
  • aren’t as - or -
  • is heavier
  • is higher
A 
Higher (equator)
Longer
Winters aren't as long or severe 
Snowfall is heavier
Precipitation is higher
90
Q

Light in boreal forest

  • days are shorter
    • is higher
  • is shorter
A

Summer days
Light intensity
Photoperiod

91
Q

Soil in boreal forest is

  • in -
    • because of -
A

Low in nutrients

Acidic soil because of pine needles

92
Q

Vegetation in boreal forest (9)

A 
Pine trees
Cedar trees
Spruce trees
Firs
Ferns
Mosses
Lichens
Spagnum moss
Fungi
93
Q

Plant adaptations in boreal forest

- leaves 
Leaves covered with --
- located on - of leaves 
- are flexible 
Don't lose -- at once 
Produce ---
A 
Needle
Thick cuticle 
Stomata underside 
Branches 
All leaves 
Protective sticky resin
94
Q

Animals in the boreal forest (13)

A

Foxes, wolves, moose, Hawks, owl, Lynx, wolverine, voles, shrews, squirrels, rabbits, chipmunks, bears

95
Q

Animal adaptations of animals in taiga (3)

A

Camouflage
Thick coats
Hibernation

96
Q

Camouflage of animals in taiga

  • coats in -
A

Lighter coats in winter

97
Q

Thick coats of animals in taiga for - and - in -

A

Protection and insulation in winter

98
Q

Hibernation of animals in taiga to –

A

Reduce metabolism

99
Q

Human impact on boreal forest

A

Cutting/wasting trees

Fires

100
Q

What are the four components of earth system

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere

Science (18 decks)

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