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Ap Psych unit 2 > Ap psych unit 2 > Flashcards

Ap psych unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimuli
-we can only consciously focus on one thing at a time

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2
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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3
Q

What is change blindness?

A

failing to notice changes in an environment (form of inattentional blindness)

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4
Q

What is a perceptual set?

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another (assumptions)
- expectations influence perception

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5
Q

What is figure-ground?

A

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surrounding (ground)
-we always organize stimulus into a figure seen against a ground

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6
Q

what is grouping?

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimulus into coherent groups
-can lead us astray bc we may look at a group instead of individuals

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7
Q

what is depth perception?

A

the ability to see objects in three–dimension even thought the images that strike the retina are two dimensional
- allows us to judge distance

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8
Q

convergence

A

cues to nearby objects distance enabled by the brain combing retinal images

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9
Q

retinal dispartity

A

perceiving depth by comparing retinal images from the two eyes the brain competes distance (the greater differences in the two eyes images the closer the object)

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10
Q

stroboscopic movement

A

an illusion of continuous movement (like motion pictures) experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying images

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11
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an illusion go movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

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12
Q

autokinetic effect

A

the illusion of movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

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13
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

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14
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input including an artificially displaced/uneven visual field

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15
Q

cognition and meta cognition

A

cognition:all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
metacogntion: thinking about thinking

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16
Q

concepts

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
- simplifies out thinking

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17
Q

prototypes

A

a mental image or best example of something

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18
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
-like a mental mold where we pour out experiences

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19
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemes (understandings)
-adding on

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20
Q

accommodation

A

adapting out current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new info
- changing

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21
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible problem solutions using creative thinking that diverges in DIFFERENT directions

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21
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solution to determine the single BEST solution

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22
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

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23
Q

executive functions

A

cognitive skills that work together, enabling us to generate, organize, plan, and implement goal-direct behavior

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24
Q

algorithm

A

methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
- its a step by step long process

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25
Q

heuristics

A

a simple thinking strategy (mental shortcut) that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently: it is faster than algorithms but is more error prone

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26
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problems solution (aha moment)

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27
Q

fixation

A

in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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28
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approval a problem in a certain way, often one that has worked for us before

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29
Q

intuition

A

the effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, in contrast to explicit conscious thinking

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30
Q

representative heuristics

A

judging the likelihood in terms of how well they seem to match out particular prototypes
- leads us to ignore other important information

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31
Q

availability heuristics

A

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
- example: if instances come readily to mind we presume such instances as common even if they are not

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32
Q

belief perseverance

A

our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence
- aided by confirmation bias

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33
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed SIGNIFICANTLY affects our judgments and decisions

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34
Q

memory

A

persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of informations

35
Q

recall

A

retrieving information that isn’t currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time
- fill in the blank tests

36
Q

recognition

A

identifying items perviously learned
- multiple choice tests

37
Q

relearning

A

learning something quicker when you learn it a second or later time

38
Q

encoding

A

getting information into our brains

39
Q

storage

A

reading the information that was perviously encoded

40
Q

retrieving

A

later getting the informations we encoded and stored back out of our brain

41
Q

parallel processing

A

processing multiple aspects of a stimuli/problem simultaneously

42
Q

sensory memory

A

first step in memory process which Immediate and very brief recording of a sensory information in memory system

43
Q

short-term/working memory

A

briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten

44
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system (knowledge, skills, experiences)

45
Q

central executive

A

a memory component that coordinates the activities of the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP or VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD which coordinates our focus

46
Q

phonological loop

A

memory component that briefly holds AUDITORY information

47
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

a memory component that verify holds objects appearances and locations in space

48
Q

long term potentiation

A

an increase in a nerve cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation ; a neural basis for learning and memory

48
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

49
Q

explicit (declarative) memories

A

retention of FACTS AND EXPIRENCES that we consciously know and declare

50
Q

implicit (undeclarative) memories

A

retention of learned skills of classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

51
Q

Automatic processing

A

where implicit memories are Unconsciously encoding incidental information like space, time, and frequency and of familiar or relearned information like sounds, smells, and word meaning

52
Q

effortful processing

A

the conscious encoding of explicit memories that requires attention and focus

53
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory if VISUAL stimuli

54
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of AUDITORY stimuli (marginally longer than iconic)

55
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

56
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
- SohCahToa
-Never Eat Soggy Waffles

57
Q

Spacing effect

A

tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long term retention
- distributed over time is better than cramming

58
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information

59
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on basic level, based on structured apperance of words

60
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically based on meaning of the words; when we attach meaning to something we remember it better

61
Q

semantic memory

A

(1/2) explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
- connects concepts

62
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced event

63
Q

memory consolidation

A

neural storage of long term memory
- hippocampus moves to the brain cortex for storage
- this is aided by sleep

64
Q

What areas in the brain store explicit memories?

A

hippocampus
-frontal lobes– when summoning past experiences the brain regions send input to the prefrontal cortex

65
Q

What areas of the brain store implicit memory?

A

-cerebellum– forms and stores implicit memory created by CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- basal ganglia– facilitates formation of our procedural memory

66
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

clear memory of emotionally significant evens

67
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

68
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
- memory is affected by cues we associate with context

69
Q

state dependent memory

A

what we learn in one state we can more easily recall it when in that same state again

70
Q

mood congruent memory

A

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good/bad mood
- when happy we remember good memories

71
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to best recall either the last or first of items

72
Q

recency affect

A

our tendency to best recall the last items in a list

73
Q

primary effect

A

our tendency to best recall the first items in a list

74
Q

interleaving

A

retrieval practice stratify that involves mixing different study topics

75
Q

Antergrade Amnesia

A

inability to form NEW memories

76
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember past memories

77
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories interfering with new memories
- when you get a new phone number and someone asks you what your number is you tell them the old number instead of the new one

78
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories interfering with old memories
- when you got a new phone case and after a while you forgot what the old one looked like

79
Q

reconsolidation

A

process in which previously stored memories , when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
- like a game of telephone

79
Q

repression

A

psychoanalytic theory, basic defense mechanisms, that banshies from consciousness ancient arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
- not lost forever

80
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

81
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for how, when, and where information was learned/imagined (most salty part of memory)

82
Q

deja vu

A

cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval from past experiences

Ap Psych unit 2 (6 decks)

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