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2024-2025 study tools > AP psych unit 0 > Flashcards

AP psych unit 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Case Study–Definition, advantages, disadvantages, and importance

A

DEFINTION
- in depth investigation of an individual or group
IMPORTANCE
- provides detailed insights but may NOT be generalized
ADVANTAGES
- provides detailed rich, quantitative date
- useful for studying rare or unique phenomena
DISADVANATGES
- results may not be generalizable to the broader population
- subject to researcher bias in interpretation

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2
Q

experimenter bias

A

researchers expectations influence the outcome of a study

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3
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching natural behavior without the watchee knowing

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4
Q

survey–definition, importance, problem

A

DEFINTION
-using questionnaires/interviews to collect data from large group of people
IMPORTANCE
- gather broad range of data quickly
PROBLEM
- social desirability, people lying to “look good” rather than telling the actual truth

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5
Q

social desirability bias

A

wanting to look good
- responders give socially acceptable answers over true answer

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6
Q

meta anyalasis– defintion and importance

A

DEFINTION
- statistically combines the results of multiple studies on one topic
IMPORTANCE
- increases statistical power go generalizability

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7
Q

correlational study– definition, importance, advantages, disadvantages

A

DEF.
- examining relationships: examines the relationship between two or more variables
IMPORT.
- helps identify associations and make precautions but NO CAUSATION
ADVANTAGES
- can study variable that cannot be manipulated experimentally
- can provide insights into potential causal relationships
DISADVANTAGES
- cannot establish cause and effect
- subject to the third variable problem (confounding variables)

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8
Q

Random sampling– Definition and importance

A

DEF
- everyone in a population has and equal chance to get picked
IMPORT.
- reduces bias
- increases the chance representation though not guarenteed

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9
Q

Theory– Definition and importance

A

DEF.
- a psychologically helps us organize our observations and predictions
IMPORT.
= guides research and understanding
- provides starting point

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10
Q

hypothesis– Definition and importance

A

DEF
- a specific testable prediction derived from a theory
IMPORT.
- guides research by providing a CLEAR statement to TEST

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11
Q

Sample– Definition and importance

A

DEF.
-subset of a population
IMPORT.
- helps draw conclusion about the whole population

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12
Q

regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for extreme/unusual scores to regress toward the average

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12
Q

single blindness procedure

A

participants don’t know if they are in the control or experimental group

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13
Q

placebo effect

A

participants expirence changes because they believe they are getting the treatments even though they are not

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14
Q

placebo

A

a inactive treatment given to the control group to compare its effects with those of the actual treatment

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15
Q

illusory correltaions

A

people perceive a relationship between two variables where none exist

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16
Q

double blindness procedure

A

neither the researchers (givers) or participants (receivers) know how is in the experimental or control group

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17
Q

mental process–definition and list four

A

DEF.
- inner operations related to thinking, knowing, and remembering
LIST OF FOUR
- cognitive
- emotional
-perception– organizing and inter-train sensory information
- motivation- internal drive

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18
Q

overconfidence bias

A

overestimating our accuracy of our knowledge and judgments

18
Q

scientific attitude

A
  • humility
    -curiosity
  • skepticism
19
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information that confirms our preexisting believes and opinions

20
Q

hindsight bias

A

the “I knew it all along” or “oh yeah I knew that” thinking
- thinking you know something after it has already happened as if you could have predicted it

21
Q

non-experimental evidence- definition and list 5

A

DEF.
- research that observes and describes behavior WITHOUT MANIPULATING variables (no causation)
TYPES
- case study
- survey
- naturalistic observation
- meta analysis
- correlational study

22
Q

sampling bias– Definition and importance

A

DEF.
- skewed selection
- sample that is not representative of the population
IMPORT.
- leads to unrepresentative and unreliable data

23
Q

peer review– Definition and importance

A

DEF
- experts who evaluate the quality and validity of research before it gets published
IMPORT
- maintained the integrity and accuracy of science

24
Q

operational defintion

A

making thins measurable: specifies how a concept is measure or manipulated in a study so an experiment can be repeated

25
Q

self-report bias

A

participants give inaccurate information about themselves

25
Q

population– Definition and importance

A

DEF
- whole group- and entire group a researcher is interested in studying
IMPORT
- defines the group to which the research results will be generalized to

26
Q

correlation coefficient

A

numerical value that shows the stench and direction of a correlation
- ranges from -1 (strong negative correlation) to +1 (strong positive correlation)
- 0 is no correlation

27
Q

empirical evidence

A

measurable and observable data
- surveys, experiments, case studies

28
Q

observable human behavior (four)

A
  • physical actions
  • emotional response
  • learned activites
  • social interaction
28
Q

seven psychological perspectives

A
  • cognitive psychology
  • behavioral psychology
  • evolutionary psychology
  • social cultural psychology
  • humanistic psychology (how to better ourselves)
  • biological psychology
  • psychodynamic psychology (dreams and childhood)
29
Q

effect size

A

strength of the relationship between two variable the higher the effect size the more one variable can be explained by another

30
Q

statistical significane– definition and effect

A

DEF.
- statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred NOT by chance
EFFECT
- if the probability of something happening by chance is p<5% then we REJECT the null hypothesis and CONCLUDE there is statistical significance

31
Q

standard deviation

A

the average distance of each score from the mean
- tells us how scores differ form the average
- large standard deviation means data is more spread out

32
Q

descriptive statistics– definition and example

A

DEF
- summarizes and describes already known data not coming to a conclusion
EX
- measures of variation and central tendency, skewed distribution, normal curve, standard deviation

33
Q

measures of central tendency

A

-mean
- median
-mode

33
Q

normal curve

A

symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describe distributions of many types of data
- down up to a hill then down again

34
Q

skewed distribution

A

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around the average
- outliers

35
Q

percentile rank

A

the percentage of a score that are lower than a given score
- 70th percentile means you are better than 70% of everyone else

36
Q

research confederates

A

people who pretend to be fellow participants but are actually part of the experiment
- some experiments won’t work if participants know everything

37
Q

debrief

A

post expiemnt explanation of a study including purpose and any deceptions

38
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A

reviews and approves research proposals with animals

39
Q

confidentiality v.s anonymity

A

con.- participants information must be kept private and secure (people already know who they are
an- when possible data should be collected without identifying information (you don’t know who participants are)

40
Q

informed consent/assent

A

consent– obviously
assent– for minors or individuals without diminished capacity to assent (agree) is obtained in addition to consent form legal guardian

41
Q

institutional review board (IRB)– definition and responsibilities

A

DEF
- a committee that reviews and approves researches proposals to ensure they meet ethical standards
RESPONSIBILITES
- assessing p[
- ensuring informed consent and confidentiality
- reviewing procedures for protecting vulnerable populations

42
Q

positive and negative correlations

A

+ both variables increase together

  • one variable increases while the other decreases

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