AP psych unit 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Case Study–Definition, advantages, disadvantages, and importance

A

DEFINTION
- in depth investigation of an individual or group
IMPORTANCE
- provides detailed insights but may NOT be generalized
ADVANTAGES
- provides detailed rich, quantitative date
- useful for studying rare or unique phenomena
DISADVANATGES
- results may not be generalizable to the broader population
- subject to researcher bias in interpretation

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2
Q

experimenter bias

A

researchers expectations influence the outcome of a study

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3
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching natural behavior without the watchee knowing

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4
Q

survey–definition, importance, problem

A

DEFINTION
-using questionnaires/interviews to collect data from large group of people
IMPORTANCE
- gather broad range of data quickly
PROBLEM
- social desirability, people lying to “look good” rather than telling the actual truth

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5
Q

social desirability bias

A

wanting to look good
- responders give socially acceptable answers over true answer

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6
Q

meta anyalasis– defintion and importance

A

DEFINTION
- statistically combines the results of multiple studies on one topic
IMPORTANCE
- increases statistical power go generalizability

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7
Q

correlational study– definition, importance, advantages, disadvantages

A

DEF.
- examining relationships: examines the relationship between two or more variables
IMPORT.
- helps identify associations and make precautions but NO CAUSATION
ADVANTAGES
- can study variable that cannot be manipulated experimentally
- can provide insights into potential causal relationships
DISADVANTAGES
- cannot establish cause and effect
- subject to the third variable problem (confounding variables)

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8
Q

Random sampling– Definition and importance

A

DEF
- everyone in a population has and equal chance to get picked
IMPORT.
- reduces bias
- increases the chance representation though not guarenteed

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9
Q

Theory– Definition and importance

A

DEF.
- a psychologically helps us organize our observations and predictions
IMPORT.
= guides research and understanding
- provides starting point

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10
Q

hypothesis– Definition and importance

A

DEF
- a specific testable prediction derived from a theory
IMPORT.
- guides research by providing a CLEAR statement to TEST

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11
Q

Sample– Definition and importance

A

DEF.
-subset of a population
IMPORT.
- helps draw conclusion about the whole population

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12
Q

regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for extreme/unusual scores to regress toward the average

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12
Q

single blindness procedure

A

participants don’t know if they are in the control or experimental group

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13
Q

placebo effect

A

participants expirence changes because they believe they are getting the treatments even though they are not

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14
Q

placebo

A

a inactive treatment given to the control group to compare its effects with those of the actual treatment

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15
Q

illusory correltaions

A

people perceive a relationship between two variables where none exist

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16
Q

double blindness procedure

A

neither the researchers (givers) or participants (receivers) know how is in the experimental or control group

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17
Q

mental process–definition and list four

A

DEF.
- inner operations related to thinking, knowing, and remembering
LIST OF FOUR
- cognitive
- emotional
-perception– organizing and inter-train sensory information
- motivation- internal drive

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18
Q

overconfidence bias

A

overestimating our accuracy of our knowledge and judgments

18
Q

scientific attitude

A
  • humility
    -curiosity
  • skepticism
19
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information that confirms our preexisting believes and opinions

20
Q

hindsight bias

A

the “I knew it all along” or “oh yeah I knew that” thinking
- thinking you know something after it has already happened as if you could have predicted it

21
Q

non-experimental evidence- definition and list 5

A

DEF.
- research that observes and describes behavior WITHOUT MANIPULATING variables (no causation)
TYPES
- case study
- survey
- naturalistic observation
- meta analysis
- correlational study

22
Q

sampling bias– Definition and importance

A

DEF.
- skewed selection
- sample that is not representative of the population
IMPORT.
- leads to unrepresentative and unreliable data

23
peer review-- Definition and importance
DEF - experts who evaluate the quality and validity of research before it gets published IMPORT - maintained the integrity and accuracy of science
24
operational defintion
making thins measurable: specifies how a concept is measure or manipulated in a study so an experiment can be repeated
25
self-report bias
participants give inaccurate information about themselves
25
population-- Definition and importance
DEF - whole group- and entire group a researcher is interested in studying IMPORT - defines the group to which the research results will be generalized to
26
correlation coefficient
numerical value that shows the stench and direction of a correlation - ranges from -1 (strong negative correlation) to +1 (strong positive correlation) - 0 is no correlation
27
empirical evidence
measurable and observable data - surveys, experiments, case studies
28
observable human behavior (four)
- physical actions - emotional response - learned activites - social interaction
28
seven psychological perspectives
- cognitive psychology - behavioral psychology - evolutionary psychology - social cultural psychology - humanistic psychology (how to better ourselves) - biological psychology - psychodynamic psychology (dreams and childhood)
29
effect size
strength of the relationship between two variable the higher the effect size the more one variable can be explained by another
30
statistical significane-- definition and effect
DEF. - statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred NOT by chance EFFECT - if the probability of something happening by chance is p<5% then we REJECT the null hypothesis and CONCLUDE there is statistical significance
31
standard deviation
the average distance of each score from the mean - tells us how scores differ form the average - large standard deviation means data is more spread out
32
descriptive statistics-- definition and example
DEF - summarizes and describes already known data not coming to a conclusion EX - measures of variation and central tendency, skewed distribution, normal curve, standard deviation
33
measures of central tendency
-mean - median -mode
33
normal curve
symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describe distributions of many types of data - down up to a hill then down again
34
skewed distribution
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around the average - outliers
35
percentile rank
the percentage of a score that are lower than a given score - 70th percentile means you are better than 70% of everyone else
36
research confederates
people who pretend to be fellow participants but are actually part of the experiment - some experiments won't work if participants know everything
37
debrief
post expiemnt explanation of a study including purpose and any deceptions
38
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
reviews and approves research proposals with animals
39
confidentiality v.s anonymity
con.- participants information must be kept private and secure (people already know who they are an- when possible data should be collected without identifying information (you don't know who participants are)
40
informed consent/assent
consent-- obviously assent-- for minors or individuals without diminished capacity to assent (agree) is obtained in addition to consent form legal guardian
41
institutional review board (IRB)-- definition and responsibilities
DEF - a committee that reviews and approves researches proposals to ensure they meet ethical standards RESPONSIBILITES - assessing p[ - ensuring informed consent and confidentiality - reviewing procedures for protecting vulnerable populations
42
positive and negative correlations
+ both variables increase together - one variable increases while the other decreases