AP psych unit 0 Flashcards
Case Study–Definition, advantages, disadvantages, and importance
DEFINTION
- in depth investigation of an individual or group
IMPORTANCE
- provides detailed insights but may NOT be generalized
ADVANTAGES
- provides detailed rich, quantitative date
- useful for studying rare or unique phenomena
DISADVANATGES
- results may not be generalizable to the broader population
- subject to researcher bias in interpretation
experimenter bias
researchers expectations influence the outcome of a study
naturalistic observation
watching natural behavior without the watchee knowing
survey–definition, importance, problem
DEFINTION
-using questionnaires/interviews to collect data from large group of people
IMPORTANCE
- gather broad range of data quickly
PROBLEM
- social desirability, people lying to “look good” rather than telling the actual truth
social desirability bias
wanting to look good
- responders give socially acceptable answers over true answer
meta anyalasis– defintion and importance
DEFINTION
- statistically combines the results of multiple studies on one topic
IMPORTANCE
- increases statistical power go generalizability
correlational study– definition, importance, advantages, disadvantages
DEF.
- examining relationships: examines the relationship between two or more variables
IMPORT.
- helps identify associations and make precautions but NO CAUSATION
ADVANTAGES
- can study variable that cannot be manipulated experimentally
- can provide insights into potential causal relationships
DISADVANTAGES
- cannot establish cause and effect
- subject to the third variable problem (confounding variables)
Random sampling– Definition and importance
DEF
- everyone in a population has and equal chance to get picked
IMPORT.
- reduces bias
- increases the chance representation though not guarenteed
Theory– Definition and importance
DEF.
- a psychologically helps us organize our observations and predictions
IMPORT.
= guides research and understanding
- provides starting point
hypothesis– Definition and importance
DEF
- a specific testable prediction derived from a theory
IMPORT.
- guides research by providing a CLEAR statement to TEST
Sample– Definition and importance
DEF.
-subset of a population
IMPORT.
- helps draw conclusion about the whole population
regression towards the mean
the tendency for extreme/unusual scores to regress toward the average
single blindness procedure
participants don’t know if they are in the control or experimental group
placebo effect
participants expirence changes because they believe they are getting the treatments even though they are not
placebo
a inactive treatment given to the control group to compare its effects with those of the actual treatment
illusory correltaions
people perceive a relationship between two variables where none exist
double blindness procedure
neither the researchers (givers) or participants (receivers) know how is in the experimental or control group
mental process–definition and list four
DEF.
- inner operations related to thinking, knowing, and remembering
LIST OF FOUR
- cognitive
- emotional
-perception– organizing and inter-train sensory information
- motivation- internal drive
overconfidence bias
overestimating our accuracy of our knowledge and judgments
scientific attitude
- humility
-curiosity - skepticism
confirmation bias
tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information that confirms our preexisting believes and opinions
hindsight bias
the “I knew it all along” or “oh yeah I knew that” thinking
- thinking you know something after it has already happened as if you could have predicted it
non-experimental evidence- definition and list 5
DEF.
- research that observes and describes behavior WITHOUT MANIPULATING variables (no causation)
TYPES
- case study
- survey
- naturalistic observation
- meta analysis
- correlational study
sampling bias– Definition and importance
DEF.
- skewed selection
- sample that is not representative of the population
IMPORT.
- leads to unrepresentative and unreliable data
peer review– Definition and importance
DEF
- experts who evaluate the quality and validity of research before it gets published
IMPORT
- maintained the integrity and accuracy of science
operational defintion
making thins measurable: specifies how a concept is measure or manipulated in a study so an experiment can be repeated
self-report bias
participants give inaccurate information about themselves
population– Definition and importance
DEF
- whole group- and entire group a researcher is interested in studying
IMPORT
- defines the group to which the research results will be generalized to
correlation coefficient
numerical value that shows the stench and direction of a correlation
- ranges from -1 (strong negative correlation) to +1 (strong positive correlation)
- 0 is no correlation
empirical evidence
measurable and observable data
- surveys, experiments, case studies
observable human behavior (four)
- physical actions
- emotional response
- learned activites
- social interaction
seven psychological perspectives
- cognitive psychology
- behavioral psychology
- evolutionary psychology
- social cultural psychology
- humanistic psychology (how to better ourselves)
- biological psychology
- psychodynamic psychology (dreams and childhood)
effect size
strength of the relationship between two variable the higher the effect size the more one variable can be explained by another
statistical significane– definition and effect
DEF.
- statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred NOT by chance
EFFECT
- if the probability of something happening by chance is p<5% then we REJECT the null hypothesis and CONCLUDE there is statistical significance
standard deviation
the average distance of each score from the mean
- tells us how scores differ form the average
- large standard deviation means data is more spread out
descriptive statistics– definition and example
DEF
- summarizes and describes already known data not coming to a conclusion
EX
- measures of variation and central tendency, skewed distribution, normal curve, standard deviation
measures of central tendency
-mean
- median
-mode
normal curve
symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describe distributions of many types of data
- down up to a hill then down again
skewed distribution
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around the average
- outliers
percentile rank
the percentage of a score that are lower than a given score
- 70th percentile means you are better than 70% of everyone else
research confederates
people who pretend to be fellow participants but are actually part of the experiment
- some experiments won’t work if participants know everything
debrief
post expiemnt explanation of a study including purpose and any deceptions
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
reviews and approves research proposals with animals
confidentiality v.s anonymity
con.- participants information must be kept private and secure (people already know who they are
an- when possible data should be collected without identifying information (you don’t know who participants are)
informed consent/assent
consent– obviously
assent– for minors or individuals without diminished capacity to assent (agree) is obtained in addition to consent form legal guardian
institutional review board (IRB)– definition and responsibilities
DEF
- a committee that reviews and approves researches proposals to ensure they meet ethical standards
RESPONSIBILITES
- assessing p[
- ensuring informed consent and confidentiality
- reviewing procedures for protecting vulnerable populations
positive and negative correlations
+ both variables increase together
- one variable increases while the other decreases
