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2024-2025 study tools > AP Gopo unit five > Flashcards

AP Gopo unit five Flashcards

1
Q

electorate

A

voters that ‘go to the polls’ and cast their vote

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2
Q

suffrage

A

qualifications for voting

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3
Q

literacy tests

A

evaluted person’s ability to read and write and need ro pass in orders two votes

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3
Q

franchise

A

right to vote

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4
Q

grandfather clause

A

allowed states to recognized a regestering voter as it would have reconginzed his grandpa, prevented the African American from voting

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4
Q

poll tax

A

fee required to vote discouraged African Americans voters

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5
Q

white primary

A

state democrats party organization set rules for their primaries defining their membership as white man’s club

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6
Q

1964 Civil Rights act

A

ended segregation in public spaces, nade employment discrimination illegal, banned overall discrimination (even in voting)

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6
Q

1957 civil rights act

A

addressed discrimination in voter registration and established U.S. Office Civil Rights (enforcement agency in Justice department)

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7
Q

preclerance

A

put states with less 50% under federal supervision if they attempted to invent new, legal loopholes to diminsh black sufferage

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7
Q

rational choice voting model

A

a voter who has exmained on issues or condidates evlauted campaign promises/platform points, consciously decided to vote in a way that seems to most benefit the voter

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7
Q

1965 voting rights act

A

outlawed literacy tests and put state with lower voter turnout under watchful eye of justice department

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8
Q

prospective voting model

A

citizens anticipate future; consdier how candidate/proposed ballot intiatves will affect their lives/governemnt

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9
Q

retrospective voting model

A

citizens anticipate future; consider how candidate/proposed ballot initiatves will affect their lives/government

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10
Q

party identification

A

is easiest way to predict voting

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11
Q

national voter registration act (NVRA) motor voter law

A

requries states to offers citizens a chance to register state-run agencies (like BMV)
- made it easier to register

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11
Q

voting age population

A

everyone older than 18

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11
Q

precints

A

wards are broken into these (small area around 500- 1000 voters)

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11
Q

voter turnout

A

number of voters who cast votes as percentage of voting age population

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12
Q

ward

A

counties, cities, and towns (for voting) are subdivided into these

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12
Q

voter registration

A

enrollement in the electoral roll- 30 days advance of election so county boards of elections can make and maintain voter rolls/poll books

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13
Q

polling place

A

all voters in precint vote here usually school or a community center

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14
Q

Help American Vote Act

A

imposed number of state requirments to create national standard for voting and election management

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15
Q

provisional ballots

A

if registration records are incomplete/incorrect (citizens move precints but no change) they get these ballots

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15
Absentee ballot
mailing ballot if you can't make it to polls
15
australian ballots
ballot must 1) be printed and distrubted at public expense, 2) show all qualifying candidates names, 3) be avliable only at the polling places, and 4) be completed in private
16
political efficacy
some don't vote because they feel their vote doesn't matter or hate both candidate
16
voter apathy
lack of concern for election outcome
17
Robo calls
automated phone messages used to conntact a large number of people
17
voter blocs
groups of voters who are motivated by a specifc concern/characterstic and tend two vote in noticable patterns
17
linkage institutions
structures that connect people with the government - media, interest groups, and elections
18
war chest
bank account desinated for campiagn funds
18
Democrats National Committee (DNC) and RNC
the formal governing bodies for their respective parties - mange fundraising - media strategy - and candidate support
18
platform
written list of princples and political goals
19
national convention
formal gathering held every four years to nominate presidential candidate and establish party decisions
20
national chairsperson
repsonsible for directing parties overall campaign stragey
21
critical elections
elections that revela sharp, lasting changes in party loyalty among voters
22
McGovern-Fraser Commision
democratic national convention, was made to increase representation of minorites, women and younger voters in convention delegate process
23
super delegate
high-rank party member (demo. members of congress, governors, and mayors) who are free to vote for any candidate at national convention regardless of state results - not bound by primary outcomes
24
party realignment
long term shift in party alleginace by a large group of voters
25
party dealignemnt
voters abandon both major parties and become independent
26
ideological parties (3 party)
formed around ideologies
27
splinter parties (3 party)
break off from major party because of a disagreement
28
economy protest party (3 party)
form in response to economic discontent
29
single member district
only one candidate wins per district, usually ones with the most votes (plurality)
30
direct lobbying
personally contacting lawmakers to influence decisions and gain support for laws
30
single-issue party (3 party)
focus on one major issue
31
pluralism
a variety of competing intrest groups that influence policy across all levels of government
32
free rider problems
people benfit from I.G work without working with control group
33
lobying
I.G's work with lawmakers and agencies to shape legislation offering expertise and help organize public support
34
intergovernmental lobby
publis institutions that lobby for fundraising or policy support for other levels of government
34
lobbyist
professional hired by I.Gs to influence lawmakers: building relationships, providing information, and pushing for specific polices
35
endorsment
when a group public supports a candidate, signaling, an alignment of goals
36
grasstops strategy
targeting influential/well connected individual to speak on groups behalf or directly to law makers
37
professional associations
represents specific careers/trades and seek to influences policy that effects their memebers industries
38
purposive incentives (interest group)
joinging for social rewards, network/belonging
38
think tanks
research organizations that produce studies, reports, and policy recs
39
material incentives (interest group)
going for tangiable ebenfits (discounts,services...)
40
solidary incentives (interest group)
joining for social rewards network/belonging
41
upper-class bias
tendency for I.G's to be dominated by wealthier and more educated indiviudals since membership requires time, money, and professional status
42
public intrest groups
work to promote polices that benefit society broadly rather than specific member intrests
43
single issue groups
focus on narrow policy areas/cause (guns, abortion) -demand strict loyalty from politicans
44
ideological groups
promote broad set of beliefs/political ideology and supports candidte who aligns with those values
45
bundling
a lobbyist collects contributions from multiple donors and delivers it to campaign as single large package
46
revolving door
refers to practive of fromer lawmakers.government officals becmoing lobbyists -raises concerns about conflicting interests and insider knowledge
47
invisible primary
period in presidentual election cycle where candidate begins to rasie money and build support
48
closed primary
only voters registered with a party can cote in that parties primary
49
open primary
voters choose which party's primary to vote in on election day
50
blanket primary
voters can vote for candidate in multiple party on the same election
51
split ticket
slecting candidate from differet particles for differing offices in same election
52
caucuses
public meetings where voters discuss and vote for candidate
53
freeloading
when states hold primaries/caucuses earlier to gain more influence
54
super tuesday
a major date when many states hold primaries at once, significantly impacting candidate momentum
55
proportional system
delegates are awarded based on % of primary/caucase votes
56
winner take all system
candidate who recives the most votes even if not majority (over 50%) gets all states electoral votes
57
plurality
most number of votes, even if not the majorty
58
district based method
awarding electoral votes based on congressional district
59
Political action committees (PACs)
tax exempt organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates funds to campaigns -hevail funds incumbents
60
coattail effect
something boosts down-ballot candidate from the same party uring president ("i'll just vote for my party")
61
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)
established stricter reporting requitments and expenditures limits for federal candidate following concerns over big campaign expenditures
62
Federal election commission (FEC)
regulates and enforces federal campaign finance laws
63
hard money
tightly regulated donating given directly to candidate and subject to FEC reporting and limits
64
soft money
unlimited and less regulated donations to political parties used for general party building activites and working around FEC restrictions
65
Bipartisian Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)
banned soft money contributions to national parties, restricted electioneering communication before elctions and set limits on indivudual donations
66
dark money
funds from anonymous sources
67
connected PACs
PACs directly affiliated with specific corparations, labor unions, or membership organizations and they collect money only from memebers
68
Super PACs
PACs that can raise and spend and UNLIMITED amounts from individuals, corparations, unions, and other groups to advocate for or agasint political candidates - can't directly coordinate with candidate or parties NOR contribute directly to campaign funds which is why it is unlimited
69
free press
press unrestricted by government censorship
70
investigative reporting
journalism deeply invesitgating politcal corruption, scandals, or controversial issues to hold officals accountable -expensie and time consuming but considered vital for preserving governemtn
71
broadcast networks
produce content centrally and distribute it nationally while local stations air these programs and may include their local content
72
Big 3 networks
(CBS, NBC, and ABC)
73
CNN
transofrmative beause of 24 hour news
74
horse race jounralism (media)
focuses on who's ahead in poles fundraising and daily campaign development OVER policy discussion (popularity)
75
scorekeeper (media)
tracking political successes and failures (debates, legislative victories, and scandals)
76
gatekeeper (media)
deciding what recives public attention (shapes policy)
77
watchdog (media)
holding public officals accountable via investigative jounralism
78
adversarial press
press suspicious of government motives and actively challenges offical statements, often incrasing tension between politicians and reporters

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