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2024-2025 study tools > Ap Gopo unit three > Flashcards

Ap Gopo unit three Flashcards

1
Q

goverment by proxy

A

washington pays states and local governments and private groups to administer federal programs
-bureacrats hire external entities ti implement policy

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2
Q

lassiez-faire

A

economy theory that government shouldn’t regulate/interfere with commerce

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3
Q

discretionary authority

A

ability of appointed officals to choose course of action and make policies not explicitly outlined in laws
- needed because Congress cannpt oversee everything the bureacracy does

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4
Q

competitive service

A

system in which government officals are appointed based on merit, determined by written exams or selction criteria

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5
Q

name request job

A

job filed by a person whom an agency has already identified
- used to bypass open competitions
-job positions may be tailered to fit a specific person so they get the job

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6
Q

iron triangle

A

close relationship between a government agency, Congress, and intrest groups

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7
Q

issue networks

A

web of people in D.C including intrest groups, congressional staff, think tanks, media, professionals, scholars
- they constantluy debate policy
- issue networks are more complicated and not as clean as iron triangle

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8
Q

authorization legislation

A

law that grants permission to begin or continue a government program or agency
- can me temporary or permanaent

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9
Q

appropriation

A

legislative grant of money for an agency to spend
- usually takes place annually

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10
Q

trust funds

A

funds for governemnt programs that operate outside of the regular budget
- autmoatic and not controlled by appropriation
- Social Security

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11
Q

committee clerance

A

allowes congressional committees to review and approve agency actions in advance without passing a law
- ensure agency heads are consulting with congress

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12
Q

fillibuster

A

an attempt to defeat a bill in the senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the senate from taking action on a bill

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13
Q

majority-minority districts

A

congressional districts where a majority of voters are racial/ethnic minorities
- leads to problems

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14
Q

descriptive representation

A

when citizens are represented by elected officals from their same race/thinicity
- important because minority groups understand the needs anf struggles
of their minority group
- increases due to majoirty minority districts

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15
Q

substantive representation

A

ability for citizens to elect officals who will enact laws and policies that the citizens favor

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16
Q

marginal districts

A

districts in which a candidate elected to the House wins in a close election
- less than 55% of the vote

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17
Q

safe district

A

districts in which incumbents win by comfortable margins
-winning 60% or more of the vote

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18
Q

president pro tempore

A

is president if the vice president is absent they assign chores of presiding to junior senators

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19
Q

majority leader

A

holds the real power in senate; schediles buisness of the senate (usually with the minority leader)

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20
Q

whip

A

a senator/representative that helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking

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21
Q

speaker

A

presiding officer of the House and leader to his/her party in the House
- decide who is recongized to speak on the floor
- decides which committees get the bills

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22
Q

party vote

A

a vote where most democrats are on one side of a bill and the republicans are on the other

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23
Q

standing committees

A

permantly established that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain area of focus
- most common and most important

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24
Q

select commitee

A

appointed for a limited time and purpose

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25
joint commitee
committees where both senators and representatives serve on
26
conference committee
representaives and sentaors appointed to resolve differences in the senate and house versions of a bill
27
simple resolution
an expression of an opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body
28
concurrent resolution
expression of opinion without force of the law that ewquires apporval of both H and S because matters effect both houses
29
joint resolution
formal expression of congress's opinion that must be approved by both houses and by the president; constitution amendmends do not need a presidents signature
30
discharge petition
a device by which any memeber of the House, after committee has had bill for 30 days, may petition to have it brought to the floor (218 signatures) - rare bc you need so many - happens if the bill doens't get out of committee
31
restrictive closed rule
order from H. rules committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor
32
closed rule
order from H or Rules committee that sets time limits on debate; forbids bill from being amended on the floor
33
open rule
order from H of rules committee that permits bill to be amended on the floor
34
quorum
minimum number of members needed to be present for buisness to be conducted by congress - guides discussion
35
riders
amendments on matters unrelated to a bill that are added to an important bill so that they will "ride" to passage through congress
36
cloture rule
rule by senate to end or limit debates (60 votes) ends fillibusters
37
double tracking
procedure to keep the senate foing furing a filibuster in whcih the disputed bill is shelved temporairly so that senate can get on with their buisness
38
voice vote
memebers shout yea or nay for a yes or no vote
39
division vote
members stand and are counter like in different corners of the room
40
roll-call vote
members vote are recorded when their names are called
41
divided government
one party controls the white house and another party controls one or both houses of congress
42
unified government
when one party controlls the presidency and congress - this does not guarentee easier lawmaking or legislative change since there are differences within parties
43
pork barrel legislation
provide benefits to specific districts these are meant to secure the constituents votes not address national needs
44
gridlock
inability for government to act because rival parties control different parts of government
45
electoral college
the people choosen to cast each states votes in presidential elections. Each state can cast one electoral vote for each senator and represenrative
46
bully pulpit
president uses the prestiege and visibility to guide and moblize amercian public to support their legislative agenda
47
veto message
formal rejection of the bill which is sent back to congress with reasons for the veto within 10 days of bills passage
48
pocket veto
if the president does not sign the bill within 10 days and congress has adjourned (left) the bill dies
49
executive orders
exercisze authority without congresional apporval - determines how new laws are enforced
50
signing statement
a president's document that revelas what the president thinks of a new law and hot it ought to be enforced -tool for president to insert their own prespective on a bill
51
pyramid structure of W.H.
subordinates report through a hierarchy, typically led by a cheif of staff -effiecent decision making but isolates president
52
circular structure of W.H.
cabinet secretaries and assistants report directly to president - provides broad access to infromation but can cause confusion
53
ad hoc strucutre of W.H.
task froces, committees, and infromal groups provide advice directly - encourages flexibility but risks disorganization
54
cabinet
heads of 15 executive branch departments of the federal government
55
impeachment
formal accusation/charge against a president initiated by HoR - begins the process of removal not the removal itself -H. then senate trail then removal
56
judical review
power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional
57
judical restraint apporach
view that judges should decide cases strictly based on the basis of the language of the constitution -avoids creation of new principles
58
judical activism
view judges should decern the general principles underlying laws or constitution and apply them to modern circumstances - implents new principles/policies
59
constitutional courts
federal court that keeps judges in office during good behavior and prevents their salaries from being reduced -SCOTUS was created by constitutional - appalete and district courts were created by congress
60
district courts
lowest federal courts, federal trails can onlu be held here
61
court of appeals
federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trails
62
limus test
an examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge: is used by president to see if they align
63
federal question cases
cases involving constitution, federal law, or treaties
64
diversity cases
involve citizens from different states who bring disputes to federal courts
65
in forma pauperis
method that allows poor individuals to have their cases heard in federal court without charge
66
free shifting
allows plaintiffs to recover legal costs if they win in some cases
67
plantiff
party initiating the lawsuit
68
standing
legal rule that determines who is authroized to start a lawsuit
69
class action suit
case brought by someone to help both him or herself and all others who are similarly situated - allows people to benefit from rolling even if they are not directly involved in case
70
briefs
written statement by attorney that summarizes a case and the laws and rulings that support it
71
amicus curias
a brief submitted by 'friend of the court' - people not directly invovled but have strong interests in outcomes
72
opinion of the court
signed opinion of the majority
73
concurrent opinion
signed opinion in which one or more members agree with majority view but for different reasons
74
dissenting opinion
signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with majoirty view
75
state decisis
"let the decision stand", allowing prior rulings to control current cases
76
political question
issue the Supreme Court with allow the E or L branches to decide
77
remedy
judical order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong

2024-2025 study tools (12 decks)

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