AP Gov Ch.5 Jeron Tainatongo Flashcards
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820’s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad
abolitionist
supporter of ending the institution of slavery
civil rights
rights of individuals against arbitrary/ discriminatory treatment by govs or individuals
equal protection clause
section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”
Frederick Douglass
former slave born in the early 1800’s who become leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized the Seneca Falls Convention, Stanton later founded the NWSA with Susan B. Anthony
Lucretia Mott
19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist, who with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Seneca Falls Convention
first major feminist meeting held in NY State in 1848, which produced the “Declaration of Sentiments”
Dred Scott v. Sandford
ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans
Emancipation Proclamation
freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the U.S.
Thirteenth Amendment
amendment ratified after the Civil War, which bans slavery in the United States
Fourteenth Amendment
amendment ratified after the Civil War, which guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens
Fifteenth Amendment
ratified after the Civil War, enfranchised newly freed male slaves
Susan B. Anthony
feminist, suffragist, and founder of the NWSA who later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association
Civil Rights Act of 1875
passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees to African Americans
Jim Crow Laws
required segregation in public schools, theaters, and other public accommodations
poll taxes
taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible vote could cast a ballot.
grandfather clause
provision that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth test
Progressive Era
period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the U.S.
Plessy v. Ferguson
challenged a Louisiana statue requiring railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites
separate-but-equal doctrine
claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites didn’t violate the Constitution.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
organization formed in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans
National American Woman Suffrage Association
organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations
suffrage movement
drive for voting rights for women that took place in the U.S. in the 19th and early 20th centuries
National Woman’s Party
organization founded in the early 20th century who’s members were arrested by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women
Nineteenth Amendment
amendment passed in 1920 that guaranteed woman the right to vote
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
legal arm of the NAACP that litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases
Thurgood Marshall
leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund
Harry S. Truman
33rd U.S. president who served from 1945-1953 after Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office.
Brown v. Board of Education
decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violate the 14th Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th U.S. president who served from 1953-1961
Rosa Parks
leading civil rights activist of the 20th century who was notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King Jr.
most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s.
John F. Kennedy
35th U.S. president who served from 1961-1963 and marked a generational shift in the U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War
Civil Rights Act of 1964
legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and discrimination in employment, education, and voting
National Organization for Women
leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960’s and 1970’s
Eleanor Roosevelt
first lady of the U.S. from 1933-1945, who championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S. first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
requires employers to par men and women equal pay for equal work
Title IX
provision that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discrimination against female students.
Equal Rights Amendment
amendment that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or any state on account of sex”
League of United Latin American Citizens
activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against Americans of Hispanic origin
Cesar Chavez
labor organizer who founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960’s
Dolores Huerta
labor organizer who founded the United Farm Worker Union in the 1960’s
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage
Chinese Exclusion Act
law passed in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China
Korematsu v. U.S.
ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. gov to require mass internment of the people of Japanese ancestry in the U.S.
LGBT community
minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people
Lawrence v. Texas
ruling that antisodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy
United States v. Windsor
ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriage
Obergefell v. Hodges
ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution
American with Disabilities Act
law designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities
standards of review
levels of deference the Court gives gov to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics
suspect classifications
category that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court
strict scrutiny
heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice
affirmative action
policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
intermediate standard of review
standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective ad are substantially related to serving the objective
rational basis standard of review
standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists.
