AP Gov Ch.4 Jeron Tainatongo

Question 1

The Crown v. Zenger

Answer 1

legal case in the colony of New York that is considered a precursor to free press provisions in the Constitution.

Question 2

civil liberties

Answer 2

personal guarantees and freedoms that he gov can’t abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation.

Question 3

civil rights

Answer 3

gov-protected right of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by govs or individuals.

Question 4

Bill of Rights

Answer 4

first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties.

Question 5

Ninth Amendment

Answer 5

makes clear that enumerating rights in the Constitution or Bill of Rights doesn’t meant that others don’t exist.

Question 6

Tenth Amendment

Answer 6

defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers bot delegated to the national gov are reserved to the states or to the people.

Question 7

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 7

extends the “equal protection of the law” to all citizens

Question 8

due process clause

Answer 8

clause constructed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals.

Question 9

substantive due process

Answer 9

protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal law.

Question 10

sedition laws

Answer 10

make it illegal to speak or write any political criticism that threaten to diminish respect for the government, its laws, or public officials.

Question 11

Gitlow v. New York

Answer 11

extended the First Amendment’s protections of freedom of speech and of the press to the state governments.

Question 12

incorporation doctrine

Answer 12

interpretation of the Constitution holding that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires stat and local gov to guarantee the rights stated in the Bill of Rights.

Question 13

selective incorporation

Answer 13

protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 14

fundamental freedoms

Answer 14

rights defined by the Court as essential to order, liberty, and justice and therefore entitled to the highest standard of review

Question 15

Warren Court

Answer 15

period in Supreme Court history during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice, noted for its many ruling expanding civil liberties and civil rights

Question 16

Earl Warren

Answer 16

fourteenth Chief Justice of the U.S. who served from 1953-1969 and led the Court through an important liberal phase

Question 17

First Amendment

Answer 17

imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Question 18

establishment clause

Answer 18

first clause of the First Amendment it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion.

Question 19

free exercise clause

Answer 19

second clause of the First Amendment which prohibits the U.S. gov from interfering with a citizen’s right to practice religion.

Question 20

Lemon Test

Answer 20

three-part test created by the Supreme Court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues.

Question 21

prior restraint

Answer 21

constitutional doctrine that prevents the gov from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact

Question 22

Alien and Sedition Act

Answer 22

allowed the imprisonment and deportation of aliens considered dangerous and criminalized false statements against the gov.

Question 23

abolitionist

Answer 23

supporter of an end to the institution of slavery

Question 24

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 24

sixteenth president of the U.S. and was the first elected Republican president who served from 1861-1865.

Question 25

Espionage Act

Answer 25

prohibited urging resistance to the draft or distributing anti-war leaflets

Question 26

clear and present danger test

Answer 26

test to draw the line between protected and unprotected speech that was articulated by the Supreme Court.

Question 27

direct incitement test

Answer 27

test articulated by the Supreme Court holding that the First Amendment protects advocacy of illegal action unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.

Question 28

New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971)

Answer 28

case where the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. gov couldn't block the publication of secret Department of Defense documents illegally furnished to the Times by antiwar activists.

Question 29

symbolic speech

Answer 29

methods of expressing generally considered to be protected by the First Amendment

Question 30

hate speech

Answer 30

communication that belittles a person/group on the basic of race, gender, ethnicity, or other characteristics.

Question 31

Occupy Wall Street

Answer 31

social movement that promotes protests and political activism against income inequality and corporate greed

Question 32

Black Lives Matter

Answer 32

social movement focused on direct protest and political activism against police brutality, mass incarceration, and related offences against African Americans

Question 33

libel

Answer 33

false statement that defames a person's character

Question 34

slander

Answer 34

untrue spoken statement that defames a person's character

Question 35

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 35

case where the Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure

Question 36

fighting words

Answer 36

words that "by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peach".

Question 37

Miller v. California (1973)

Answer 37

case that created the "Miller Test" to determine when sexually-explicit expression was obscene and therefore beyond the protection of the First Amendment

Question 38

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

Answer 38

case that applied the First Amendment's protections of freedom of assembly to the states.

Question 39

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 39

1913 amendment that created the nationwide prohibition on alcoholic beverages.

Question 40

writs of habeas corpus

Answer 40

petition requesting that a judge order authorities to prove that a prisoner is being held lawfully and that allows the prisoner to be freed if the gov's case doesn't persuade the judge.

Question 41

ex post facto law

Answer 41

makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

Question 42

bill of attainder

Answer 42

law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Question 43

due process rights

Answer 43

protection drawn from the Fourth Amendment and the Bill of Rights ensuring fair treatment, or substantive, protecting fundamental rights.

Question 44

Fourth Amendment

Answer 44

protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures of their persons, houses, papers, and effects without a warrant

Question 45

Fifth Amendment

Answer 45

imposes a number of restrictions on the federal gov with the respect to the rights of persons suspected of committing a crime.

Question 46

grand jury

Answer 46

citizens charged with determining whether enough evidence exists for a case to go to trial.

Question 47

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 47

Supreme Court ruling holding that the Fifth Amendment requires individuals arrested for a crime to be advised of their right to remain silent ad to have counsel present

Question 48

Miranda Rights

Answer 48

statement required of police that inform a suspect of his/her constitutional rights protected by the Fifth Amendment.

Question 49

Burger Court

Answer 49

period where Warren Burger served as Chief Justice from 1969-1986.

Question 50

Warren E. Burger

Answer 50

fifteenth chef justice of the U.S. who led the court in an increasingly conservative direction from 1969-1986.

Question 51

double jeopardy clause

Answer 51

protects individuals from being tried twice for the same offense in the same jurisdiction

Question 52

exclusionary rule

Answer 52

prohibits police from using illegally seized evidence at trial

Question 53

Sixth Amendment

Answer 53

sets the basic requirements of procedural due process for federal courts to follow in criminal trials

Question 54

capital cases

Answer 54

cases in which a conviction may result in the application of the death penalty.

Question 55

Eight Amendment

Answer 55

states: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted."

Question 56

right to privacy

Answer 56

judicially created principle encompassing a variety of individuals actions protected by the penumbras cast by several constitutional amendments.

Question 57

Roe v. Wade

Answer 57

The Supreme Court found that a woman's right to an abortion was protected by the right to privacy that could be implied from specific guarantees found in the Bill of Rights applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 58

Planned Parenthood of South-eastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)

Answer 58

decision replaced the strict scrutiny standard of Roe with the less stringent undue burden standard.

Question 59

undue burden test

Answer 59

standard set by the Supreme Court in the Casey case in 1992 that narrowed Roe v. Wade and allowed for greater regulation of abortion by the states

Question 60

Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Answer 60

struck down state law provisions in Texas as presenting an undue burden on women seeking abortions.

Question 61

September 11th

Answer 61

terrorist plot carried out on Sep. 11th, 2001 that used hijacked civilian aircraft to attack the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C.