Antiparasitic Agents p2 Flashcards
Anticestodals & Antitrematodals are…
What is used to treat them? (2)
- They are
- Tapeworms
- Flukes - Treatment:
- Praziquantel
- Epsiprantel
Praziquantel & Epsiprantel cause increased permeability of ___. Loss of intracellular calcium causes parasite ___. It weakens the tapeworm cuticle exposing to host ___.
An effective ___ control is needed to prevent rapid reinfection.
Common names of this drug are: (3)
- Calcium
- Paralysis
- Antibodies
- Flea
- Droncit, Drontal, & Cestex
Antiprotozoals
1. Drugs (3) - Specifically for giardia
2. Drug/Treatment (2) - Babesia sp.
- Giardia Tx
- Metronidazole: Enters the protozoal cell & interferes with its ability to function & replicate.
- Fenbendazole
- Albendazole - Babesia sp. Tx
- Imidocarb: has cholinergic effects on the protozoan.
- Tick prevention
T/F: There is a giardia vaccine
True! Not very common to give out though!
Anticoccidials
1. What is it?
2. Drugs used (2)
- Coccidiostats
- Don’t actually kill the parasite, so hygiene is crucial. - Drugs
- Sulfadmethoxine (albon): Reduces the number of oocysts shed, thus reducing spread of disease.
- Amprolium: Similar to thiamin causing thiamin antagonism. Toxicity in animals is a result of thiamin deficiency.
Coccidiosis is…
A protozoal infection that causes intestinal disorders
Ectoparasite Treatment (9)
Name 4
- Sprays
- Dips
- Pour-ons
- Shampoos
- Dusts or powders
- Foggers
- Oral products
- Spot-ons
- Injectables
Chemicals used in Ectoparasite Treatment (5)
FYI: There are about 17 but these seem most relevant
- Insect growth regulators
- Chitin synthesis inhibitors
- 1 & 2 very safe bc Pt doesn’t create these in their body. - Fipronil
- Ivermectin
- Selamectin
Five things to keep in mind while working with chemicals in Ectoparasite Treatment
- Always read product labels to determine what safe procedures to follow
- May need protective clothing
- May need special disposal techniques
- Proper ventilation is crucial
- Keep & refer to MSDS prior to use & if signs of toxicity occur in the animal
Pyrethrins affect the ___ system of insects & result in repeated and extended firings of the ___. They do this by affecting the flow of ___ out of nerve cells. They stun insects but are able to ___.
- Nervous
- Nerves
- Sodium
- Recover
Pyrethrins are mainly found in products applied ___ on the pet. Household products generally contain either pyrethrins or a combination of pyrethrin & ___ pyrethrins plus a synergist.
All pyrethrins are easily ___ & degraded by ___ acids, so toxicity following ingestion by pets is very ___.
Cats or dogs with pyrethrin toxicosis will ___, ___, vomit, & may ___.
- Directly
- Permethrin
- Hydrolyzed
- Stomach
- Low
- Salivate, Tremor, Vomit, & Seizure
Organophosphates (OP) inhibit cholinesterase activity, causing ACh to remain ___ in the neuromuscular junction of the ___.
They are ___ to parasites. Some cause neurologic side effects in the ___.
Effective with both ___- & ___parasites.
- Active
- Parasite
- Neurotoxic
- Host
- Endo- & Ectoparasites
T/F: Organophosphates have a narrow range of safety and shouldn’t be used in heartworm positive patients
True
Clinical signs of OP toxicity (6)
Hint: SLUDDE
- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urination
- Defecation
- Dyspnea
- Emesis
Amitraz
1. Use
2. Mode of action
3. Side effects (2)
- Treat demodectic mane (dip) or ticks (collar)
- Aphla2 agonist
- Sedation & incoordination up to 72 hours
T/F: Amitraz is safe to use in cats
False. Due to toxicity, it should NEVER be used in cats
Insect Development Regulators
1. Use
2. Mode of action
3. Safety
- Many IDIs used in the envir as ingredients in foggers & sprays. They are also applied topically to cats & dogs, orally, or injection.
- IDIs inhibit synthesis of a substance called chitin. Chitin is necessary for the formation of the hard outside skin of the flea. No chitin, no adult flea!
- Because IDIs alter a unique process, they are extremely safe!!
Nitenpyram (capstar)
1. Use
2. Mode of action
3. Safety
- Kills adult fleas on the pet within 30min. Any fleas on pet will be dead within hours.
- Doesn’t work for on-going control. Med is out of pet’s system within 24hrs. - Interferes with the nerve conductions system of insects, blocking the nicotinic nerve receptors.
- Very safe!
- Kittens & puppies 4+ weeks, 2lbs+, and pregnant or nursing cats/dogs
Examples of Insect Development Regulators (3)
- Fipronil (frontline)
- Imidacloprid (advantage, advantix)
- Lufenuron (program, setinel)
- Inhibits chitin development
- Works against ringworm too
Nitenpyram (___) is approved in cats and dogs to kill ___ fleas
- Capstar
- Adult
