Antibiotics Part 2 Flashcards
which drugs are aminoglycosides
tobramycin
neomycin
gentamycin
amikacin
what is the order of aminoglycosides in order of spectrum of activity
amikacin > tobramycin > gentamycin > neomycin
what is the Vd of aminoglycosides
small Vd
true or false:
aminoglycosides are concentration dependent
true
how are aminoglycosides excreted
renal / kidney / urine
are aminoglycosides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic
bacteriocidal
what is the spectrum of aminoglycosides
gram -
aerobes
what is the main use of all aminoglycosides
treat aerobic gram - bacteria and staphylococci
what are amikacin and tobramycin used to treat
P. aeruginosa
what is drug is usually the first choice of treatment of MRSP infections
gentamycin
what are the adverse effects of all aminoglycosides
ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity
which aminoglycoside can cause vestibular damage
gentamycin
which aminoglycoside can cause cochlear damage
amikacin
neomycin
what are some considerations to take when deciding on if to give food animals aminoglycosides
Renal accumulation into tissues
NOT SAFE FOR FOOD ANIMALS
what are used to measure the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides
peak and trough concentrations
true or false:
aminoglycosides are easy drugs to combine with others
false
physically incompatible with many drugs
when should aminoglycosides not be given
newborns / first weeks of life
what are some risk factors for toxicity with aminoglycosides
prolonged therapy
acidosis and electrolyte disturbances
hypovolemia
age
renal disease
which type of drug would be your first choice in treatment of bacterial bovine and porcine respiratory disease complexed
tetracyclines
what can tetracyclines be used to treat in cases of resistance
methicillin resistant staphylococcal infections
true or false:
tetracyclines are best for their impact on obligate intracellular pathogens
true
what are the outcomes of using doxycycline in calves
cardiotoxicity
in what species is doxycycline not safe to administer
horse
calves
what are some adverse effects of tetracyclines
nephrotoxicity
severe liver damage
acute cardiac toxicity
what are the drugs within tetracycline
chlortetracycline
tetracycline
oxytetracycline
doxycycline
tetracyclines - bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
bacteriostatic
what is the Vd of tetracyclines
high Vd
how are most tetracyclines excreted? what’s the exception?
renal/ kidney/ urine
doxycycline = intestinal by P-gp and biliary
what is the bioavailability of tetracyclines
good orally
in what type of patients should tetracyclines not be used in
liver or kidney patients
what drugs are chloramphenicols
chloramphenicol
florfenicol
what drug is used in MRSE and MRSP infections / ocular infections/prostatitis / otitis / salmonellosis
chloramphenicol
which chloramphenicol is used to treat bovine respiratory disease
florfenicol
what drug is used to treat bovine kerato-conjunctivitis
florfenicol
what is the adverse effect of florfenicol
bone marrow suppression
why are chloramphenicols banned in food animals
drug caused bone marrow suppression in humans
in what species is florfenicol not recommended to use in
horse
what type of drugs should chloramphenicols not be used with
bactericidal drugs
what species can florfenicol be used in
bovine
chicken
fish
which group of drugs are often combined with trimethoprim
short acting sulphonamides
what are short acting sulphonamides used to treat
systemic and genito-urinary infections
nocardiosis
what is the spectrum of short acting sulphonamides
gram + / -
toxoplasma
protozoa
what are some adverse effects of short acting sulphonamides
nephrotoxicity
urinary tract disturbance
hematopoeitic disorders
what are the short acting sulphonamides
sulphamethoxazole
sulphamethazine
sulphadiazine
true or false:
both short acting sulphonamides & intermediate acting sulphonamides are bacteriostatic
true
what are intermediate acting sulphonamides used to treat
respiratory, genito-urinary, enteric and soft tissue infection s
coccidiosis
what drug is an intermediate acting sulphonamide
sulphadimethoxine
which sulphonamides can cause keratoconjunctivits
sulfadiazine
sulfasalazine
what are some adverse effects of sulphonamides
nephrotoxic
hematopoeitic disorders
potential neuro issues in horses
in what species are sulphonamides intermediate/ potentiated in
horses
cattle
swine
chicken
and turkeys
what is a poorly absorbable sulphonamide
sulphasalazine
what sulphonamide is used to treat IBD
sulphasalazine
which sulphonamide is used to treat burns and otitis externa
topical sulphonamide
what is a topical sulphonamide
silver sulphadiazine
which sulphonamides are used to treat systemic resp/urinary and cutaneous infections
potentiated sulphonamides
what are potentiated sulphonamides combined with to treat coccidiosis and nocardiosis
trimethoprime
true or false:
sulphonamides are bacteriocidal and coccidiostatic
false
they are bacteriostatic and coccidiostatic
what metabolizes sulphonamides
liver
what is possible with administration of any sulphonamide
hemorrhagic diathesis
hypersensitivity
neurotoxicity in higher concentrations
what can sulphonamides be combined with (group of drug)
diaminopyrimidine
what are sulphonamides antagonized by
procain benzyl penicillins
procaine/ local anesthetics
what drug is a diaminopyrimidine
trimethoprim
describe trimethoprim
bacteriostatic
high Vd
eliminated unchanged in urine
what is usage of trimethoprim
combined with sulphonamides
treat gram - prostatic infections
true or false:
when combined, trimethoprim and sulphonamides are bactericidal
true
in what breed should trimethoprim + sulphonamides not be given
dobermans pinchers
what group of drugs in antagonized by chloramphenical and rifampin
fluoroquinolone
true or false:
fluoroquinolones are time dependent
false - concentration dependent
what are the uses of fluoroquinolones
UTIs
septicemia and pneumonia
skin and soft tissue infections
what are the 2nd generation fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin
ciprofloxacin
marbofloxacin
what is a 3rd generation fluoroquinolone
pradofloxacin
true or false:
fluoroquinolones can be used against P. aeruginosa
true
true or false:
all fluoroquinolones absorb well orally in monogastrics
true
what are fluoroquinolones synergistic with
beta-lactams
aminoglycosides
which generation of fluoroquinolones is less potent against gram +
2nd generation
which fluoroquinolone is most potent against P. aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin
which 2nd generation fluoroquinolone causes the most toxicity
enrofloxacin
what can be seen in young animals with the use of fluoroquinolones
articular cartilage lesions
