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Pharmacology 2 > Antibiotics Part 2 > Flashcards

Antibiotics Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which drugs are aminoglycosides

A

tobramycin
neomycin
gentamycin
amikacin

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2
Q

what is the order of aminoglycosides in order of spectrum of activity

A

amikacin > tobramycin > gentamycin > neomycin

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3
Q

what is the Vd of aminoglycosides

A

small Vd

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4
Q

true or false:
aminoglycosides are concentration dependent

A

true

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5
Q

how are aminoglycosides excreted

A

renal / kidney / urine

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6
Q

are aminoglycosides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriocidal

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7
Q

what is the spectrum of aminoglycosides

A

gram -
aerobes

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8
Q

what is the main use of all aminoglycosides

A

treat aerobic gram - bacteria and staphylococci

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9
Q

what are amikacin and tobramycin used to treat

A

P. aeruginosa

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10
Q

what is drug is usually the first choice of treatment of MRSP infections

A

gentamycin

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11
Q

what are the adverse effects of all aminoglycosides

A

ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity

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12
Q

which aminoglycoside can cause vestibular damage

A

gentamycin

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13
Q

which aminoglycoside can cause cochlear damage

A

amikacin
neomycin

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14
Q

what are some considerations to take when deciding on if to give food animals aminoglycosides

A

Renal accumulation into tissues
NOT SAFE FOR FOOD ANIMALS

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15
Q

what are used to measure the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides

A

peak and trough concentrations

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16
Q

true or false:
aminoglycosides are easy drugs to combine with others

A

false
physically incompatible with many drugs

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17
Q

when should aminoglycosides not be given

A

newborns / first weeks of life

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18
Q

what are some risk factors for toxicity with aminoglycosides

A

prolonged therapy
acidosis and electrolyte disturbances
hypovolemia
age
renal disease

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19
Q

which type of drug would be your first choice in treatment of bacterial bovine and porcine respiratory disease complexed

A

tetracyclines

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20
Q

what can tetracyclines be used to treat in cases of resistance

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcal infections

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21
Q

true or false:
tetracyclines are best for their impact on obligate intracellular pathogens

A

true

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22
Q

what are the outcomes of using doxycycline in calves

A

cardiotoxicity

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23
Q

in what species is doxycycline not safe to administer

A

horse
calves

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24
Q

what are some adverse effects of tetracyclines

A

nephrotoxicity
severe liver damage
acute cardiac toxicity

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25
Q

what are the drugs within tetracycline

A

chlortetracycline
tetracycline
oxytetracycline
doxycycline

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26
Q

tetracyclines - bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

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27
Q

what is the Vd of tetracyclines

A

high Vd

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28
Q

how are most tetracyclines excreted? what’s the exception?

A

renal/ kidney/ urine
doxycycline = intestinal by P-gp and biliary

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29
Q

what is the bioavailability of tetracyclines

A

good orally

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30
Q

in what type of patients should tetracyclines not be used in

A

liver or kidney patients

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31
Q

what drugs are chloramphenicols

A

chloramphenicol
florfenicol

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32
Q

what drug is used in MRSE and MRSP infections / ocular infections/prostatitis / otitis / salmonellosis

A

chloramphenicol

33
Q

which chloramphenicol is used to treat bovine respiratory disease

A

florfenicol

34
Q

what drug is used to treat bovine kerato-conjunctivitis

A

florfenicol

35
Q

what is the adverse effect of florfenicol

A

bone marrow suppression

36
Q

why are chloramphenicols banned in food animals

A

drug caused bone marrow suppression in humans

37
Q

in what species is florfenicol not recommended to use in

A

horse

38
Q

what type of drugs should chloramphenicols not be used with

A

bactericidal drugs

39
Q

what species can florfenicol be used in

A

bovine
chicken
fish

40
Q

which group of drugs are often combined with trimethoprim

A

short acting sulphonamides

41
Q

what are short acting sulphonamides used to treat

A

systemic and genito-urinary infections
nocardiosis

42
Q

what is the spectrum of short acting sulphonamides

A

gram + / -
toxoplasma
protozoa

43
Q

what are some adverse effects of short acting sulphonamides

A

nephrotoxicity
urinary tract disturbance
hematopoeitic disorders

44
Q

what are the short acting sulphonamides

A

sulphamethoxazole
sulphamethazine
sulphadiazine

45
Q

true or false:
both short acting sulphonamides & intermediate acting sulphonamides are bacteriostatic

A

true

46
Q

what are intermediate acting sulphonamides used to treat

A

respiratory, genito-urinary, enteric and soft tissue infection s
coccidiosis

47
Q

what drug is an intermediate acting sulphonamide

A

sulphadimethoxine

48
Q

which sulphonamides can cause keratoconjunctivits

A

sulfadiazine
sulfasalazine

49
Q

what are some adverse effects of sulphonamides

A

nephrotoxic
hematopoeitic disorders
potential neuro issues in horses

50
Q

in what species are sulphonamides intermediate/ potentiated in

A

horses
cattle
swine
chicken
and turkeys

51
Q

what is a poorly absorbable sulphonamide

A

sulphasalazine

52
Q

what sulphonamide is used to treat IBD

A

sulphasalazine

53
Q

which sulphonamide is used to treat burns and otitis externa

A

topical sulphonamide

54
Q

what is a topical sulphonamide

A

silver sulphadiazine

55
Q

which sulphonamides are used to treat systemic resp/urinary and cutaneous infections

A

potentiated sulphonamides

56
Q

what are potentiated sulphonamides combined with to treat coccidiosis and nocardiosis

A

trimethoprime

57
Q

true or false:
sulphonamides are bacteriocidal and coccidiostatic

A

false
they are bacteriostatic and coccidiostatic

58
Q

what metabolizes sulphonamides

A

liver

59
Q

what is possible with administration of any sulphonamide

A

hemorrhagic diathesis
hypersensitivity
neurotoxicity in higher concentrations

60
Q

what can sulphonamides be combined with (group of drug)

A

diaminopyrimidine

61
Q

what are sulphonamides antagonized by

A

procain benzyl penicillins
procaine/ local anesthetics

62
Q

what drug is a diaminopyrimidine

A

trimethoprim

63
Q

describe trimethoprim

A

bacteriostatic
high Vd
eliminated unchanged in urine

64
Q

what is usage of trimethoprim

A

combined with sulphonamides
treat gram - prostatic infections

65
Q

true or false:
when combined, trimethoprim and sulphonamides are bactericidal

A

true

66
Q

in what breed should trimethoprim + sulphonamides not be given

A

dobermans pinchers

67
Q

what group of drugs in antagonized by chloramphenical and rifampin

A

fluoroquinolone

68
Q

true or false:
fluoroquinolones are time dependent

A

false - concentration dependent

69
Q

what are the uses of fluoroquinolones

A

UTIs
septicemia and pneumonia
skin and soft tissue infections

70
Q

what are the 2nd generation fluoroquinolones

A

enrofloxacin
ciprofloxacin
marbofloxacin

71
Q

what is a 3rd generation fluoroquinolone

A

pradofloxacin

72
Q

true or false:
fluoroquinolones can be used against P. aeruginosa

A

true

73
Q

true or false:
all fluoroquinolones absorb well orally in monogastrics

A

true

74
Q

what are fluoroquinolones synergistic with

A

beta-lactams
aminoglycosides

75
Q

which generation of fluoroquinolones is less potent against gram +

A

2nd generation

76
Q

which fluoroquinolone is most potent against P. aeruginosa

A

ciprofloxacin

77
Q

which 2nd generation fluoroquinolone causes the most toxicity

A

enrofloxacin

78
Q

what can be seen in young animals with the use of fluoroquinolones

A

articular cartilage lesions

Pharmacology 2 (11 decks)

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