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Pharmacology 2 > Antibiotics Part 1 > Flashcards

Antibiotics Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Are B-lactams bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

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2
Q

what are B-lactams synergistic with

A

aminoglycosides

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3
Q

what are the B-lactam drugs

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
carbapenems

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4
Q

what are the groups of penicillins

A

benzyl
isoxazolyl
extended spectrum
anti-pseudomonal

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5
Q

low or high Vd for penicillins

A

low Vd

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6
Q

how are penicillins eliminated from the body

A

urine elimination (kidney)

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of benzyl penicillins

A

procaine
Na/K

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8
Q

true or false:
penicillins are time dependent

A

true

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9
Q

which group of penicillins are narrow spectrum (gram + and anaerobic)

A

benzyl penicillins

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10
Q

which benzyl penicillin is not safe for IV

A

procaine

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11
Q

what are some adverse effects of penicillins

A

disrupt normal intestinal flora
acute anaphylactic
hypersensitive reactions

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12
Q

what are the isoxazolyl penicillin drugs

A

cloxacillin
dicloxacillin
oxacillin

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13
Q

which drug is used to treat bovine staphylococcal mastitis

A

cloxacillin

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14
Q

what are Isoxazolyl penicillins used to treat

A

S. aureus
S. pseudointermedius
Streptococcus

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15
Q

what are the extended-spectrum penicillins

A

ampicillin
amoxicillin

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16
Q

what species should not be given extended spectrum penicillins

A

rodents / rabbits

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17
Q

which penicillin group has the broadest spectrum

A

extended spectrum penicillins

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18
Q

which drug is in the anti-pseudomonal penicillins

A

ticarcillin

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19
Q

what is ticarcillin used to treat

A

P. aeruginosa

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20
Q

which group of cephalosporins has the lowest Vd

A

group 1

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21
Q

which group of cephalosporins has the highest Vd

A

group 6 & 7

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22
Q

what drug is in group 1 cephalosporins

A

cephazolin

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23
Q

true or false:
cephalosporins are concentration dependent

A

false
cephalosporins are time dependent

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24
Q

how should group 1 cephalosporins be administered for the best bioavailability

A

IM or SC

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25
Q

what are group 1 and group 2 cephalosporins mostly used to treat

A

canine S. intermedius (skin & UTI)
bovine S. aureus & streptococcal mastitis

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26
Q

what group of cephalosporins has a similar spectrum of activity to ampicillin and amoxicillin

A

group 1

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27
Q

do cephalosporins have high or low Vd

A

low Vd

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28
Q

in what cephalosporin group does cephalexin belong

A

group 2

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29
Q

in what species should group 2 cephalosporins not be given orally

A

horses or ruminants

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30
Q

how are cephalosporins eliminated

A

urinary / kidney

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31
Q

what is cefoxitin used to treat

A

infections caused by first gen drugs

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32
Q

what drug belongs in the group 3 cephalosporins

A

cefoxitin

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33
Q

which groups of cephalosporins are used to treat bacterial infections due to first gen drugs

A

group 3 & 4

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34
Q

what are the group 4 cephalosporin drugs

A

ceftiofur
cefotaxime

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35
Q

which groups of cephalosporins are absorbed well orally

A

group 2 & 5

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36
Q

what drugs should be used to treat infections caused by cephalosporin-resistant enterobacteriae

A

cabapenems

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37
Q

what group of cephalosporins are mainly used to treat anaerobic infections

A

group 5

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38
Q

what drug is in group 5 cephalosporins

A

cefpodoxime

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39
Q

true or false:
cefpodoxime is used to treat anaerobic infections but is painful IM and has a long-half life in dogs

A

true

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40
Q

which groups of cephalosporins are used to treat P. aeruginosa infections

A

group 6

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41
Q

true or false:
cefovecin can be used to treat P. aeruginosa

A

true

42
Q

what is the group 7 cephalosporin

A

cefquinome

43
Q

what is the main use of beta-lactamases and beta-lactam inhibitors

A

paired with extended spectrum penicillins to enhance the spectrum of their efficacy

44
Q

which beta-lactamase drug is well absorbed orally

A

clavulanic acid

45
Q

what is clavulanic acid combined with

A

amoxicillin

46
Q

true or false:
sulbactam is absorbed orally well

A

false

47
Q

what does sulbactam have activity against

A

H. somni
A. pyogenes
E. coli

48
Q

what is cephalosporin is used to treat bovine respiratory disease

A

sulbactam

49
Q

what is ampicillin combined with

A

sulbactam

50
Q

what group are the last resort antibiotics

A

carbapenems

51
Q

which group of beta lactams are used to systemically bind and inactivate endotoxins

A

polymyxins

52
Q

what is the spectrum of polymyxins

A

gram - only
aerobes

53
Q

what are the adverse effects of polymyxin E & B

A

nephrotoxic

54
Q

what is the best route of administration for polymyxin E

A

oral

55
Q

true or false:
polymyxins are concentration dependent

A

true

56
Q

true or false:
polymyxin E & B are both concentration dependent

A

true

57
Q

how are polymyxins removed from the system

A

urine / kidney

58
Q

what type of drug is vancomysin

A

glycopeptide

59
Q

what is the use of vancomysin

A

last resort for staphylococcus and enterococccal infections

60
Q

what is the common bacterial infection treated with vancomysin

A

C. difficile

61
Q

what is the spectrum of glycopeptides

A

gram +
aerobes

62
Q

true or false:
glycopeptides are only concentration dependent

A

false
they are co-dependent killers using both time and concentration

63
Q

which group of antibiotics can either be bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic depending on concentration

A

lincosamides

64
Q

what is the Vd of lincosamides

A

high Vd

65
Q

what is the spectrum of lincomycin / clindamycin

A

gram +
anaerobic bacteria
mycoplasma
intracellular

66
Q

which lincosamide is used to prevent and treat dysentery in swine

A

lincomycin

67
Q

what can lincosamides be used to treat

A

staphylococcal infections caused by penicillin G

68
Q

which group of antibiotics is extremely toxic to rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters

A

lincosamides

69
Q

true or false:
lincomycin is safe for use in horses

A

false
both lincosamides cause fatal diarrhea in horses and lincomycin should never be given to horses

70
Q

which lincosamide is synergistic with metronidazole and often combined with aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones

A

clindamycin

71
Q

what can clindamycin especially be used for

A

treatment of anaerobic infections

72
Q

what type of drug is tiamulin

A

pleuromutulin

73
Q

what is the Vd of tiamulin

A

large

74
Q

is tiamulin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal

A

bacteriostatic

75
Q

which types of drugs are bacteriocidal

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
polymyxins
glycopeptides

76
Q

what should pleuromutulins not be combined with

A

ionophores

77
Q

what is the main use of tiamulin

A

swine for anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasma

78
Q

what are some adverse effects of tiamulin

A

horses = enterocolitis
IV in cattle = neurotoxicity and death

79
Q

true or false:
combining tiamulin with penicillins can be helpful to enhance the efficacy of the drug

A

false
pleuromutulins antagonize bactericidal agents

80
Q

where is tiamulin metabolized

A

liver

81
Q

how is tiamulin eliminated from the body

A

bile and milk

82
Q

true or false:
at high concentrations, bacteriostatic macrolides can act bacteriocidal

A

true

83
Q

what are the macrolide drugs

A

tylosin
tilmicosin
erythromycin
tulathromycin
gamithromycin

84
Q

what is the Vd of macrolides

A

large Vd

85
Q

where are macrolides excreted and metabolized

A

bile

86
Q

what is the spectrum of macrolides

A

gram +
gram - cocci
mycoplasma

87
Q

what macrolide is used to prevent or treat peritonitis after intestinal spillage

A

erythromycin

88
Q

which macrolide can be combined with rifampin to treat R. equi

A

erythromycin

89
Q

what are some adverse effects of macrolides

A

thrombophlebitis
periphelbitis
fatal diarrhea is adult horses

90
Q

which macrolide is toxic to the cardiovascular system in swine when given IM

A

tilmicosin

91
Q

what drugs have antagonistic effects when combined with macrolides

A

other macrolides
lincosamides
chloramphenicol

92
Q

where are macrolidic drugs most effective

A

intracellular accumulation in phagocytes

93
Q

true or false:
macrolides cause disturbance of resident flora in herbivores

A

true

94
Q

what are the advance generation macrolides

A

azithromycin
clarithromycin

95
Q

why are the ‘advanced’ macrolides stronger

A

higher oral availability
larger Vd

96
Q

true or false:
advanced generation macrolides will kill everything

A

true

97
Q

what is the main use of clarithromycin

A

mycobacterium avium

98
Q

what is the general use of advanced generation macrolides for azithromycin and clarithromycin

A

prevent / treat peritonitis after intestinal spillage

99
Q

what drug can advanced generation macrolides be used to replace in cases of Rickettsia and Coxiella

A

tetracyclines

100
Q

what can azithromycin or clarithromycin replace in a treatment of leptospirosis

A

ampicillin
amoxycillin

101
Q

which advanced generation macrolide is fetotoxic and should not be given to pregnant animals

A

clarithromycin

Pharmacology 2 (11 decks)

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