Anti-Protozoals Flashcards
which drugs are nitroimidazoles
metronidazole
tinidazole
ronidazole
benznidazole
describe the PK/PD of nitroimidazoles
large Vd
oral
what is the main uses of metronidazole
giardia
cattle = trichomonas
what species uses tinidazole
cats
what is tinidazole used to treat
giardia
Tritrichomonas foetus
what species use ronidazole
cats
pigeons
what is ronidazole used to treat in pigeons
trichomonas gallinae
histomonas
what is ronidazole used to treat in cats
tritrochomonas foetus
what is benznidazole used to treat
dogs with trypanosoma
what are the adverse effects of nitroimidazoles
carinogenic
teratogenic
mutagenic
in what types of animals should nitroimidazoles not be used in
livestock
which nitroimidazole has a longer half life elimination in cats
tinidazole
what is the most effective nitroimidazole against tritrichomonas foetus
ronidazole
what kind of drug is nifurtimox
nitrofuran
what is nifurtimox used for
dogs - trypanosoma cruzi
true or false:
glucocorticoids are often given with nifurtimox to advance their effectivity
true
what aminoglycoside is used as an extra label in goats and cattle
paromomycin
true or false:
paromomycin has a good oral availability
false
it has high intraluminal concentrations
what species is paromomycin used in
cats
dogs
cattle
goats
what is paromomycin used to treat in cats
cryptosporidia
T. Foetus
what is paromomycin used to treat in dogs
leishmania
what is paromomycin used in to treat in cattle
cryptosporidia
giardia
what are the adverse effects of paromomycin
vestibular and cochlear damage
GI distruptions
what are the benzimidazole drugs
albendazole
fenbendazole
in what animals should albendazole not be used in
cats
pregnant animals
which benzimidazole is teratogenic and causes myelosuppression
albendazole
which benzimidazole is safer and combined with pyrantel and praziquentel
fenbendazole
which drug is the first choice for giardia
fenbendazole
what is the main use of albendazole
giardia
what is the main uses of tetracyclines
babesia
theileria
anaplasma
what are the tetracycline anti-protozoal drugs
oxytetracycline
doxycycline
in which type of patients should tetracyclines not be used in
liver or renal disease
which group of drugs causes acute cardiotoxicity in calves
tetracyclines
which tetracycline is safer for renal impaired patients
doxycycline
what is the best choice of drug for toxoplasma gondii
clindamycin
what type of drug is clindamycin
lincosamide
what are the adverse effects of clindamycin
GI issues
what are the sulphonamide drugs
sulfamethazine
sulfaquinoxaline
sulfamethoxine
sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim
what is the main use of sulphonamide drugs
treat all coccidia
in what animals is sulphonamides best used in
small animals
ruminants
true or false:
sulphonamides allow the host to develop immunity to coccidia
true
which sulphonamides are not used in laying hens
sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim
sulfamethazine
in what types of animals should sulfaquinoxaline not be used in
pre-ruminating calves or lactating cows
which 2 sulphonamides are not used much in poultry anymore
sulfamethazine
sulfaquinoxaline
what is the only combo approved in poultry for sulphonamides
sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim
what are the hydroxyquinolones
decoquinate
atovaquone
what are the naphthoquinones
parvaquone
buparvaquone
what are the hydro. and naph active against
sporozoites
true or false:
host immunity against coccidia is gained when using hydroxyquinolones and naphthoquinones
false
no host immunity is developed
what are the hydroxyquinolones used for in farm animals
coccidiosis
what are the hydroxyquinolones used for in dogs
toxoplasma gondii
babesia
which hydroxyquinolone should not be used in laying hens or lactating animals
decoquinate
true or false:
the hydroxyquinolones have improved efficiency when given with a meal
true
what are the naphthoquinones used to mainly prevent
coccidiosis
how are naphthoquinones used in cattle
theileria cure
what are the naphthoquinones used in cats to treat
cytauxzoon felis
what drug is a thiamine analog
amprolium
describe the PK/PD of amprolium
small Vd
dissolves in water
what species is thiamine analogs used in
calves
birds
what is amprolium used to treat
eimeria infections
what are the polyether ionophores
lasalocid
maduramicin
monensin
narasin
salionmycin
true or false:
polyether ionophores have a withdrawal periods
true
drug must be out of eggs before can be sold for food
what species are the polyether ionophores used in
poultry
cattle
sheep
rabbits
what is treated with polyether ionophores
coccidiosis
how do the polyether ionophores effect equines and guinea fowls
cardiotoxic
how do polyether ionophores potentially effect other animals
muscle toxicity
what should not be combined with polyether iononphores
chloramphenicol
macrolides
sulfonamides
cardiac glycosides
which polyether ionophore can be active aginst asexual and sexual phases of coccidia
semduramicin
which polyether ionophore can be combined with tiamulin
maduramicin
which polyether ionophore should not be used in pregnant cows or sheep
lasalocid
what are the triazine derivatives
diclazuril
toltrazuril
ponazuril
what are triazine derivatives effective against
sarcocystic neurona
what are triazine derivatives used for in horses
EPM
what is diclazuril used for in calves, poultry, rabbits and lambs
prevent coccidiosis
which triazine derivative is used in neonatal pigs for coccidiosis
toltrazuril
what does toltrazuril treat in dogs
hepatozoon americanum
which triazine derivative has better bioavailability and is easier to use than diaclazuril
toltrazuril
which triazine derivative is used to treat neospora caninum in calves
ponazuril
what is ponazuril combined with to better its oral bioavailability
DMSO
which nitrothiazole derivative is used for cryptosporitidum
nitazoxanide
what are the adverse effects of nitazoxanide in horses
entercolitis
why should we not give nitazoxanide to cats
vomiting and dark diarrhea
what is the main used of nitazoxanide in horses
used when no other drugs have effect on EPM
what are the diamidine derivatives
diminazine diaceturate
imidocarb dipropionate
which diamidine derivative should be pretreated with atropine because of parasympathetic side effects
imidocarb dipropionate
true or false:
diaminazine diaceturate does not fully clear infections of babesiosis and theileriosis
true
what are the adverse effects of the diamidine derivatives
liver and renal damage
pulmonary congestion
pulmonary edema
what are additional adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate
azotemia
increased urinary GGT-creatinine ration
how does imidocarb dipropionate act in horses
not effective in eliminating theileria equi
– latent carriers–
