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Pharmacology 2 > Anti-Protozoals > Flashcards

Anti-Protozoals Flashcards

1
Q

which drugs are nitroimidazoles

A

metronidazole
tinidazole
ronidazole
benznidazole

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2
Q

describe the PK/PD of nitroimidazoles

A

large Vd
oral

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3
Q

what is the main uses of metronidazole

A

giardia
cattle = trichomonas

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4
Q

what species uses tinidazole

A

cats

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5
Q

what is tinidazole used to treat

A

giardia
Tritrichomonas foetus

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6
Q

what species use ronidazole

A

cats
pigeons

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7
Q

what is ronidazole used to treat in pigeons

A

trichomonas gallinae
histomonas

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8
Q

what is ronidazole used to treat in cats

A

tritrochomonas foetus

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9
Q

what is benznidazole used to treat

A

dogs with trypanosoma

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10
Q

what are the adverse effects of nitroimidazoles

A

carinogenic
teratogenic
mutagenic

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11
Q

in what types of animals should nitroimidazoles not be used in

A

livestock

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12
Q

which nitroimidazole has a longer half life elimination in cats

A

tinidazole

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13
Q

what is the most effective nitroimidazole against tritrichomonas foetus

A

ronidazole

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14
Q

what kind of drug is nifurtimox

A

nitrofuran

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15
Q

what is nifurtimox used for

A

dogs - trypanosoma cruzi

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16
Q

true or false:

glucocorticoids are often given with nifurtimox to advance their effectivity

A

true

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17
Q

what aminoglycoside is used as an extra label in goats and cattle

A

paromomycin

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18
Q

true or false:

paromomycin has a good oral availability

A

false
it has high intraluminal concentrations

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19
Q

what species is paromomycin used in

A

cats
dogs
cattle
goats

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20
Q

what is paromomycin used to treat in cats

A

cryptosporidia
T. Foetus

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21
Q

what is paromomycin used to treat in dogs

A

leishmania

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22
Q

what is paromomycin used in to treat in cattle

A

cryptosporidia
giardia

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23
Q

what are the adverse effects of paromomycin

A

vestibular and cochlear damage
GI distruptions

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24
Q

what are the benzimidazole drugs

A

albendazole
fenbendazole

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25
Q

in what animals should albendazole not be used in

A

cats
pregnant animals

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26
Q

which benzimidazole is teratogenic and causes myelosuppression

A

albendazole

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27
Q

which benzimidazole is safer and combined with pyrantel and praziquentel

A

fenbendazole

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28
Q

which drug is the first choice for giardia

A

fenbendazole

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29
Q

what is the main use of albendazole

A

giardia

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30
Q

what is the main uses of tetracyclines

A

babesia
theileria
anaplasma

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31
Q

what are the tetracycline anti-protozoal drugs

A

oxytetracycline
doxycycline

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32
Q

in which type of patients should tetracyclines not be used in

A

liver or renal disease

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33
Q

which group of drugs causes acute cardiotoxicity in calves

A

tetracyclines

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34
Q

which tetracycline is safer for renal impaired patients

A

doxycycline

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35
Q

what is the best choice of drug for toxoplasma gondii

A

clindamycin

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36
Q

what type of drug is clindamycin

A

lincosamide

37
Q

what are the adverse effects of clindamycin

A

GI issues

38
Q

what are the sulphonamide drugs

A

sulfamethazine
sulfaquinoxaline
sulfamethoxine
sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim

39
Q

what is the main use of sulphonamide drugs

A

treat all coccidia

40
Q

in what animals is sulphonamides best used in

A

small animals
ruminants

41
Q

true or false:
sulphonamides allow the host to develop immunity to coccidia

A

true

42
Q

which sulphonamides are not used in laying hens

A

sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim
sulfamethazine

43
Q

in what types of animals should sulfaquinoxaline not be used in

A

pre-ruminating calves or lactating cows

44
Q

which 2 sulphonamides are not used much in poultry anymore

A

sulfamethazine
sulfaquinoxaline

45
Q

what is the only combo approved in poultry for sulphonamides

A

sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim

46
Q

what are the hydroxyquinolones

A

decoquinate
atovaquone

47
Q

what are the naphthoquinones

A

parvaquone
buparvaquone

48
Q

what are the hydro. and naph active against

A

sporozoites

49
Q

true or false:
host immunity against coccidia is gained when using hydroxyquinolones and naphthoquinones

A

false
no host immunity is developed

50
Q

what are the hydroxyquinolones used for in farm animals

A

coccidiosis

51
Q

what are the hydroxyquinolones used for in dogs

A

toxoplasma gondii
babesia

52
Q

which hydroxyquinolone should not be used in laying hens or lactating animals

A

decoquinate

53
Q

true or false:
the hydroxyquinolones have improved efficiency when given with a meal

A

true

54
Q

what are the naphthoquinones used to mainly prevent

A

coccidiosis

55
Q

how are naphthoquinones used in cattle

A

theileria cure

56
Q

what are the naphthoquinones used in cats to treat

A

cytauxzoon felis

57
Q

what drug is a thiamine analog

A

amprolium

58
Q

describe the PK/PD of amprolium

A

small Vd
dissolves in water

59
Q

what species is thiamine analogs used in

A

calves
birds

60
Q

what is amprolium used to treat

A

eimeria infections

61
Q

what are the polyether ionophores

A

lasalocid
maduramicin
monensin
narasin
salionmycin

62
Q

true or false:

polyether ionophores have a withdrawal periods

A

true
drug must be out of eggs before can be sold for food

63
Q

what species are the polyether ionophores used in

A

poultry
cattle
sheep
rabbits

64
Q

what is treated with polyether ionophores

A

coccidiosis

65
Q

how do the polyether ionophores effect equines and guinea fowls

A

cardiotoxic

66
Q

how do polyether ionophores potentially effect other animals

A

muscle toxicity

67
Q

what should not be combined with polyether iononphores

A

chloramphenicol
macrolides
sulfonamides
cardiac glycosides

68
Q

which polyether ionophore can be active aginst asexual and sexual phases of coccidia

A

semduramicin

69
Q

which polyether ionophore can be combined with tiamulin

A

maduramicin

70
Q

which polyether ionophore should not be used in pregnant cows or sheep

A

lasalocid

71
Q

what are the triazine derivatives

A

diclazuril
toltrazuril
ponazuril

72
Q

what are triazine derivatives effective against

A

sarcocystic neurona

73
Q

what are triazine derivatives used for in horses

A

EPM

74
Q

what is diclazuril used for in calves, poultry, rabbits and lambs

A

prevent coccidiosis

75
Q

which triazine derivative is used in neonatal pigs for coccidiosis

A

toltrazuril

76
Q

what does toltrazuril treat in dogs

A

hepatozoon americanum

77
Q

which triazine derivative has better bioavailability and is easier to use than diaclazuril

A

toltrazuril

78
Q

which triazine derivative is used to treat neospora caninum in calves

A

ponazuril

79
Q

what is ponazuril combined with to better its oral bioavailability

A

DMSO

80
Q

which nitrothiazole derivative is used for cryptosporitidum

A

nitazoxanide

81
Q

what are the adverse effects of nitazoxanide in horses

A

entercolitis

82
Q

why should we not give nitazoxanide to cats

A

vomiting and dark diarrhea

83
Q

what is the main used of nitazoxanide in horses

A

used when no other drugs have effect on EPM

84
Q

what are the diamidine derivatives

A

diminazine diaceturate
imidocarb dipropionate

85
Q

which diamidine derivative should be pretreated with atropine because of parasympathetic side effects

A

imidocarb dipropionate

86
Q

true or false:

diaminazine diaceturate does not fully clear infections of babesiosis and theileriosis

A

true

87
Q

what are the adverse effects of the diamidine derivatives

A

liver and renal damage
pulmonary congestion
pulmonary edema

88
Q

what are additional adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate

A

azotemia
increased urinary GGT-creatinine ration

89
Q

how does imidocarb dipropionate act in horses

A

not effective in eliminating theileria equi
– latent carriers–

Pharmacology 2 (11 decks)

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