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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Difference of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

A

Aerobic - requires O2 to multiply and survive

Anaerobic - doesn’t require O2 to survive Eg. E.coli (commensal) - harder to eliminate

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2
Q

Antibacterial classes

A

Penicillin - amoxicillin, flucloxacillin

Cephalosporin - cefuroxime, ceftrixone, cefaclor

Macrolide - erythromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin

Tetracycline - doxycycline, minocycline

Sulfonamide - trimethoprim +/- sulfamethoxazole

Aminoglycoside - gentamicin, streptomycin

Fluoroquinolone - ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

Others: vancomycin, metronidazole

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3
Q

Antibacterial agents inhibits/ interfere with:

A

bacterial cell wall synthesis
DNA/RNA replication
folic acid synthesis
protein synthesis

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4
Q

difference of Bacteriacidal and Bacteriostatic actions

A

Bactericidal action - interfere with cell membrane and bacterial DNA synthesis of the microbe leading to its death Eg. beta-lactams

Bacteriostatic action - inhibits growth and spread of microbes by interfering with protein synthesis or metabolic processes Eg. tetracycline, trimethoprim

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5
Q

test to determine the type of bacteria

A

Culture test

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6
Q

test to determine what kind of antibiotics will work

A

Sensitivity test

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7
Q

Always obtain _____________ before adm an antibiotic

A

cultures

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8
Q

Nursing reminders for Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are used for bacterial infections only
Complete the entire antibiotic prescription even if the pt is feeling better
DO NOT take alcohol while on antibiotics (antibiotics are extreme in the liver, alcohol can contribute to more nausea)
Always take cultures before prescribing and adm antibiotics

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9
Q

Acute, spreading bacterial infection of the dermal tissue causing localised pain, swelling, erythema (skin rash/redness) and heat

A

Cellulitis

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10
Q

caused by a rheumatic fever which is an inflammatory disease affecting connective tissues in the heart, joints, skin or brain. Heart valves get inflamed and scarred overtime.

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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11
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Sulfonamides

A

Bacteriostatic action by inhibiting folic acid metabolism. Slows growth of the bacteria allowing the body to take over its own immunity (WBCs)

Used for:
UTIs (caused by E.coli)

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12
Q

Sulfonamides meds

A

trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole (bactrim)
sulfadiazine
sulfasalzine

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13
Q

Adverse effects of Sulfonamides

A

GI upset - N&V, anorexia, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, stomatitis
Chills and fever
Crystalluria (crystals in urine)
Photosensitivity (risk of sunburn)

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14
Q

Nursing considerations for Sulfonamides

A

increase FLUID intakes as sulfas can dry out the body
USE sunblock as sulfas cause photosensitivity
Take folic acid daily
Pt can bruise easily - monitor skin

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15
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Fluoroquinolones

A

Bactericidal - Interferes with bacterial DNA synthesis leading to bacterial death

used for:
Lower respiratory infections
Bone and joints infections
UTIs
STIs
skin infections
eye infections

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16
Q

Fluoroquinolone meds

A

Ciprofloxacin
gemifloxacin
ofloxacin
moxifloxacin
levofloxacin

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17
Q

Adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones

A

GI upset - Nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
Dizziness
Photosensitivity

Increased risk of tendonitis & tendon rupture (older adults taking corticosteroids)

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18
Q

Nursing considerations for pts taking fluoroquinolone

A

USE sunblock for Photosensitivity
TAKE IT WITH EMPTRY stomach with full glass of water

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19
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Penicillin

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic inhibiting the integrity of the bacterial cell wall

Used for:
Prophylaxis (prevention against diseases or secondary infections)
UTIs
Septicaemia (blood poisoning)
Meningitis
Intra-abdominal infections
STIs (syphilis)
Respiratory infections (pneumonia)

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20
Q

Penicillin meds

A

Amoxicillin
Penicillin G and V
Ampicillin
Piperacillin
Oxacillin

21
Q

Penicillin contradictions

A

Allergic reactions to Cephalosporins or Penicillin

Renal disease
Asthma
Bleeding disorders
GI disease

22
Q

Adverse effects of Penicillin

A

GI upset: Stomatitis (inflamed and sore mouth), dry mouth, gastritis, N&V and abdominal pain
Glossitis (inflamed tongue)

23
Q

Nursing considerations for Penicillin

A

Safety precautions for pregnancy and breastfeeding
Disables oral contraceptives

Educate pt to take it WITH FOOD to decrease GI discomfort
Penicillin allergy is common!

24
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Cephalosporin

A

Bacteriocidal - kills bacteria entirely

Used for:
Prophylaxis for pre-opt, intra-opt, post-opt surgery infections

Otitis media (ear infection)
Respiratory infections
Bone infections
UTIs

25
Q

Cephalosporin meds

A

Cefuroxime
Ceftriaxone
Cefaclor

26
Q

Cephalosporin contradictions

A

Allergic reactions to cephalosporins and penicillins

Adm with caution for pts with:
renal disease
hepatic impairment
bleeding disorder

27
Q

Adverse effects of cephalosporins

A

GI upset: N&V, diarrhoea
Dizziness
Malaise (feeling of weakness)
Heartburn
Fever
Nephrotoxicity (deterioration of kidney function due to toxicity of meds)

28
Q

Nursing considerations for cephalosporin

A

Disables oral contraceptives
DO NOT drink alcohol while on cephalosporins

29
Q

CONFIRM ALLERGIC REACTIONS to ______________ and _________________ abx before adm either of them

A

Penicillin and Cephalosporin

30
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Tetracyclines

A

Used for:
Skin and soft tissue infections
Severe acne
Rocky mountain spotted fever (tick bites)

31
Q

Tetracycline meds

A

Doxycycline
Minocycline
Demeclocycline

32
Q

Tetracycline contradictions

A

Allergic reactions to tetracyclines
Lactation (toxic to developing foetus)

33
Q

Nursing considerations for Tetracyclines

A

USE SUNBLOCK for photosensitivity (fluoroquinolone)
Disables oral contraceptives
TAKE WITH EMPTY stomach with full glass of water
CAUSES tooth discolouration (DO NOT GIVE to children < 9 yrs)
SIT UP (DO NOT LAY DOWN 30 mins after taking the medication) - causes heartburn and scarring of oesophagus)
AVOID calcium and dairy products (prevents absorption of the drug)

34
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Aminoglycosides

A

Bactericidal - kills bacteria by blocking the ribosome from reading the mRNA resulting in the inability of bacteria to multiply

Used for:
Bowel preparation: decreases normal flora in the GI for pts having abdominal surgery

Hepatic coma: decreases ammonia in the intestines

35
Q

Aminoglycoside meds

A

Gentamicin
Streptomycin
Kanamycin
Neomycin

36
Q

Aminoglycosides contradictions

A

Allergic reactions to aminoglycosides
hearing loss
musculoskeletal disorders
location

37
Q

Adverse effects of aminoglycosides

A

GI distress: N&V, anorexia
Rash and hives
Nephrotoxicity (proteinuria hematuria and increases BUN and creatinine)
Ototoxicity (tinnitus, vertigo, hearing loss)
Neurotoxicity (numbness, tumours, convulsions, muscular paralysis)

38
Q

Unwanted effects of Antibiotics

A

Antimicrobial resistance
Superinfection
Hypersensitivity reactions

39
Q

Examples of antimicrobial resistance factors

A

Mutation
Acquired resistance - Plasmids
Repeated exposure to antimicrobial agents creating more opportunity to become resistant

40
Q

Bacterial resistance mechanism of action

A

Target modification - alter cell structure and their receptors
Efflux - use pumps to eject Abx from inside the cell
Immunity - attach a protein to Abx and prevent it to bind (making it ineffective)
Enzyme-catalysed destruction - bacteria develops enzymes that destroys Abx Eg. beta-lactamases

41
Q

Bacterial resistance relevance

A

Economic and societal costs: mortality, length of hospital stay and cost of treatment

No new antimicrobial in pipeline

Diseases with bacterial resistance - TB, malaria, gonorrhoea, hospital-acquired pneumonia, MRSA

42
Q

Causes another infections from Abx

A

Superinfection

43
Q

Causes of superinfection

A

Broad-spectrum Abx

44
Q

Some Abx can disable the efficacy of taking oral ___________

A

contraceptives

45
Q

exaggerated or inappropriate immune response from Abx

A

Hypersensitivity

46
Q

Abx Hypersensitivity S&S

A

Urticaria (skin rash)
Angioedema (swelling underneath skin)
Bronchospasm (wheezing and coughing)
Anaphylaxis (treat with adrenaline immediatley)

47
Q

Characterised by rapid onset of life-threatening respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms

A

Anaphylaxis (dial 111 or get adrenaline)

48
Q

Epinephrine or adrenaline pharmacodynamics

A

Non-selective agonist of adrenergic receptors
A1 receptor action - vasoconstriction
Beta1 receptor - increase HR and force of contraction
Beta2 receptor - provides bronchodilation, reduces the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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