Antibacterial drugs Flashcards by Draper Kauffman

Drugs that slow or retard the multiplication of bacteria

Bacteriostatic

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Drugs that kill bacteria.

Bactericidal

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Allergy to drugs in the same or related group

Cross-sensitivity

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Drugs effective against both gram negative (-), and gram positive (+) bacteria.

Broad Spectrum

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Nonpathogenic microorganisms within or on the body.

Normal flora

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An overgrowth of bacteria or fungal microorganisms not affected by the antibiotic being used for treatment.

Superinfection

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The effectiveness of individual antibiotics depends on these factors

____________
____________
____________

(a) Location of the infection
(b) Ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of infection.
(c) Ability of the bacteria to resist or inactivate the antibiotic.

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Primarily bacteriostatic caused by sulfonamide antagonism to paraaminobenzoic acid. Once the bacteria multiplication is slowed the body’ immune system is able to rid the bacteria.

PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINES
TETRACYCLINES
SULFONAMIDES

SULFONAMIDES

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Often used to control urinary tract infections caused by E coli, Staphylococcus aureus, including Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella Enterobacter. Silver sulfadiazine is topical and used to treat burns.

PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINES
TETRACYCLINES
SULFONAMIDES

SULFONAMIDES

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your patient has an allergy to sulfur can you administer a SULFONAMIDE

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Examples of what class?
(a) Silver Sulfadiazine: Silvadene (topical)
(b) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: Bactrim

SULFONAMIDE

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These drugs contain what chemical group?
1) Celecoxib
2) Glyburide
3) Furosemide
4) Acetazolamide

sulfonamide

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Action.. what class?
Prevent bacteria from using a substance that is necessary for the maintenance of
the bacteria’s outer wall.

PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINES
TETRACYCLINES
SULFONAMIDES

PENICILLINS

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Uses of what class
(a) Septicemia
(b) Intra-abdominal infections
(c) Syphilis
(d) Pneumonia
(e) Cellulitis
(f) Otitis Media (Amoxicillian)
(g) Acute Sinusitis (Amoxicillian)
(h) Strep Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis

penicillin

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Examples of what class?
(a) PEN VK
(b) Amoxicillin: Amoxil
(c) Amoxicillin/Clavulanate: Augmentin

Penicillin

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Action… what class?
Affect the bacterial cell wall, making it defective and unstable. This action is similar to the action of PCN
1. PENICILLINS
2. CEPHALOSPORINES
3. TETRACYCLINES
4. SULFONAMIDES

CEPHALOSPORINES

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Use of what class?
Infections caused by streptococci, staphylococci, citrobacter, gonococci, Shigella, and clostridia.

PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINES
TETRACYCLINES
SULFONAMIDES

CEPHALOSPORINES

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What is the contraindication for CEPHALOSPORINES

Allergy to Cephalosporin or Penicillin (there is a 1% cross-reactivity rate of
individuals that are allergic to penicillins)

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Examples of CEPHALOSPORINES

Cephalexin
or drugs that start with (cef) ir (ceph)

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Action of what class?
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, which is a process necessary for reproduction

PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINES
TETRACYCLINES
SULFONAMIDES

TETRACYCLINES

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Your patient has one or more of these issues/indications what class should you administer?
(a) Acne vulgaris
(b) Treatment of infections caused by Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain spotted fever,
typhus, and tick fever).
(c) Malaria prophylaxis
(d) Doxycycline for treatment of chlamydia trachomatis (sexually transmitted infection).

PENICILLINS
CEPHALOSPORINES
TETRACYCLINES
SULFONAMIDES

TETRACYCLINES

What class can you use for some skin and soft tissue infections when PCN is contraindicated.

TETRACYCLINES

TETRACYCLINES are what pregnancy class?

TETRACYCLINES Not given to children younger than __ because the drug may cause permanent discoloration of the teeth

Examples of what class? (a) Doxycycline: Vibramycin (b) Tetracycline (c) Minocycline

TETRACYCLINES (cyclines)

Action of what class? Bind to cell membrane and cause changes in protein synthesis. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. MACROLIDES 3. TETRACYCLINES 4. SULFONAMIDES

MACROLIDES

Your patient has one or more of these issues/indications what class should you administer? (a) Community acquired pneumonia (b) Skin infections (c) Otitis media (Alternate to Amoxicillin) (d) Alternative to PCN for Strep throat. (e) Mycoplasma pneumonia (f) Chlamydia (g) H. pylori- Clarithromycin in combination with amoxicillin and a PPI. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. MACROLIDES 3. TETRACYCLINES 4. SULFONAMIDES

MACROLIDES

Your patient has these issues can you administer a MACROLIDE Preexisting liver disease Chlamydia

no.... Preexisting liver disease is a contraindication

Examples of what class? (a) Azithromycin: Zithromax (b) Erythromycin (Alternate therapy and off label use for acne). (c) Clarithromycin (d) Teithromycin

MACROLIDES (thromycin)

______ is the 1st line therapy for chlamydia?

Azithromycin

Action of what class? Exert their bactericidal effect by interfering with an enzyme needed by bacteria for synthesis of DNA. This interference prevents cell reproduction, leading to death of the bacteria. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. MACROLIDES 3. TETRACYCLINES 4. SULFONAMIDES

Fluoroquinolones

Use of what class? (a) Lower respiratory infections (Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis). (b) Pneumonia (c) Infections of the skin (d) Urinary tract infection (UTI) (e) Acute Pyelonephritis (f) Intra-abdominal infections such diverticulitis. (g) STD Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)- Not 1st line and off label use. (h) Atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma and legionella). 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. MACROLIDES 3. TETRACYCLINES 4. SULFONAMIDES

Fluoroquinolones

________have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together, including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS effects. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. MACROLIDES 3. TETRACYCLINES 4. SULFONAMIDES

Fluoroquinolones

Your patient is 16 y/o with a history of seizures, and heat arrhythmias. you are trying to treat Acute Pyelonephritis. Is Fluoroquinolones indicated?

no under 18, hx of seizures, and heat arrhythmias are contraindications

Examples of what class? (a) Ciprofloxacin: Cipro (b) Levofloxacin: Levaquin 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. MACROLIDES 3. TETRACYCLINES 4. SULFONAMIDES

Fluoroquinolones (floxacin)

Action of what class? Exert their bactericidal effect by blocking a step in protein synthesis necessary for multiplication. They disrupt the functional ability of the bacterial cell membrane, causing cell death. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides

Use of what class? Usually in a hospital setting (a) Primarily Gram negative (b) Bacterial meningitis in combination with penicillin or ampicillin. (c) Intra-abdominal infection, usually as a combination. (d) Complicated UTIs. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides

Examples of what class? (a) Gentamicin (b) Neomycin 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides

Actions of what class? a) Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes that confer resistance to most beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactamases are enzymes that open the beta lactam ring, inactivating the antibiotic. (b) Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to several of the penicillin binding proteins, which in turn inhibit the final step in cell wall synthesis. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Carbapenems

Use of what class? Severe infections with drug resistant organisms, hospital acquired pneumonia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, prosthetic joint infection, necrotizing soft tissue infections, and pyelonephritis. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Carbapenems

Your patient who has an HX of epilepsy and Renal impairment. They currently have a necrotizing soft tissue infection can you treat them with a Carbapenems Class antibacterial.

NO, pt (a) Seizure disorder (b) Stevens-Johnson syndrome (c) Renal impairment Contraindications for Carbapenems

Examples of what class? (a) Imipenem: Primaxin (b) Meropenem: Merrem (c) Ertapenem: Invanz

Carbapenems (ENEMS)

Action of what Class? Inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death in susceptible organisms 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole

Uses of what class? (a) Anaerobic bacterial infections (caused by Bacteroides spp. , including the B. Fragilis group). (b) Gynecologic infections: Bacterial Vaginosis, Trichomoniasis, including treatment of asymptomatic sexual partners. (c) Intra-abdominal Infections: Peritonitis, adjunct for diverticulitis, intraabdominal abscess. (d) Skin and skin structure infections (also caused by Clostridium spp.) (e) Antiprotozoal therapies 1) Amebiasis: Treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysentery) and extraintestinal amebiasis (liver abscess). 2) Giardiasis 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole

Examples of what class (a) Metronidazole, (Flagyl) (b) Tinidazole,( has activity against amebiasis, giardiasis, and vaginal trichomoniasis and may be better tolerated than metronidazole). (c) Nimorazole (d) Dimetridazole 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole (Azoles)

You have a Pregnant patient in the first trimester with trichomoniasis can you administer Tinidazole(Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole)?

No, Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole are contraindicated during first 3 months of pregnancy.

contraindication/Warning/Caution of what class? (a) Hypersensitivity to metronidazole, Nitroimidazole derivatives, or any component of the formulation. (b) Pregnant patients (first trimester) with trichomoniasis. (c) Use of disulfiram within the past 2 weeks. (d) Use of alcohol or propylene glycol containing products during therapy or within 3 days of therapy discontinuation. 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, and Nitroimidazole

Action of what class? (a) Disrupts protein synthesis and causes changes in the cell wall surface, which decrease adherence of bacteria to host cells and increases intracellular killing of organisms. (b) Exerts an extended post-antibiotic effect against some strain of bacteria. (c) Considered a bacteriostatic but bactericidal against some strains of staphylococci, streptococci, and anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Lincosamide 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Lincosamide

Uses of what class? a) Skin and soft tissue infections (cover MRSA). (b) Purulent cellulitis or abscess (eg Peritonsilar abscess) dues to Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) (alternative agent). (c) Pharyngitis (alternative agent for penicillin -allergic patients). (d) Toxic shock syndrome – toxin production suppression. (e) Bacterial vaginosis (alternative agent) (off-label use). (f) Bite wound, prophylaxis or treatment, animal or human bite (alternative agent) (off-label use). (g) Odontogenic infection (alternative agent for penicillin-allergic patients) (off label use) (h) Rhinosinusitis 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Lincosamide 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Lincosamide

Examples of what class? a) Clindamycin b) Lincomycin 1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Lincosamide 3. Carbapenems 4. Aminoglycosides

Lincosamide

Your patient has purulent cellulitis due to Staphylococcus aureus, but has a hypersensitivity to clindamycin, lincomycin are you able to administer a Lincosamide?

No, contraindicated