Ankle and foot anatomy

Question 1

Which bones form the ankle joint?

Answer 1

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

Question 2

What are the tibia and fibula joined together by?

Answer 2

Tibiofibiular ligaments

Question 3

What structure do the tibia and fibula form when they are joined together by the tibiofibular ligaments?

Answer 3

Mortise

Question 4

What shape is the articulating part of the talus?

Answer 4

Wedge shaped (broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly)

Question 5

Which part of the talus fits into the mortise?

Answer 5

The body of the talus

Question 6

Describe the position of the talus in dorsiflexion

Answer 6

Anterior part is in mortise (joint is more stable)

Question 7

Describe the position of the talus in planter flexion

Answer 7

Posterior part of talus is in mortise (joint is less stable)

Question 8

What are the weight bearing surfaces of the ankle joint?

Answer 8

Talus and tibia

Question 9

What are the stabilising ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 9

Medial (deltoid) and lateral

Question 10

How many ligaments form the deltoid (medial) ligament?

Answer 10

4

Question 11

What is the main function of the deltoid (medial) ligament?

Answer 11

Resists over-eversion of the foot

Question 12

How many ligaments in the lateral ligament made up of?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

What are the 3 ligaments that form the lateral ligament?

Answer 13

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

Question 14

What is the function of the lateral ligament?

Answer 14

Over-inversion of the foot

Question 15

F

Question 16

Fractures of the ankle can often be associated with what?

Answer 16

Ligament damage (due to ankle joint being a ‘ring’ shape in the coronal plane)

Question 17

What type fo joint is the ankle joint?

Answer 17

Hinge synovial joint

Question 18

What are the 4 movements that can occur in the ankle joint?

Answer 18

Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion

Question 19

Which muscles allow for ankle dorsiflexion?

Answer 19

Anterior compartment of the leg:

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensors digitorum longus

Question 20

Which muscles allow for ankle plantar flexion?

Answer 20

Posterior compartment of leg:

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Posterior tibialis

Question 21

How does a lateral ankle sprain often happen?

Answer 21

Excessive inversion of a plantar flexed, weight-bearing foot

Question 22

Why is the lateral ligament more likely to be damaged?

Answer 22

Weaker
Resists inversion

Question 23

Which lateral ligament is most commonly injured?

Answer 23

Anterior talofibular ligament

Question 24

Where does the anterior talofibular ligament span between?

Answer 24

Lateral malleolus and lateral aspect of talus

Question 25

Where does the posterior talofibular ligament span between?

Answer 25

Lateral malleolus + posterior aspect of talus

Question 26

Where does the calaneofibular ligament span between?

Answer 26

Lateral malleolus + calcaneus

Question 27

Where do the medial ligaments span between?

Answer 27

Medial malleolus + talus/ calcaneus/ navicular bones

Question 28

What do the bones of the foot do?

Answer 28

Provide mechanical support for the soft tissues

Question 29

How many tarsal bones are there?

Answer 29

7

Question 30

Which bones form the hind foot region of he foot?

Answer 30

Calcaneus and talus

Question 31

Which bones form the Midfoot?

Answer 31

Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms

Question 32

Which bones form the forefoot?

Answer 32

Metatarsals and phalanges

Question 33

How many rows are the tarsal bones organised into?

Answer 33

3 (proximal, intermediate, distal).

Question 34

What is the main function of the talus?

Answer 34

To transmit forces from the tibia to the calcaneus

Question 35

Which bone forms the heel?

Answer 35

Calcaneus

Question 36

Where is the calcaneus?

Answer 36

Inferior to the talus

Question 37

Where is the navicular bone?

Answer 37

In between the talus and the cuneiforms.

Question 38

Where is the cuboid bone?

Answer 38

Further lateral bone in the distal group of bones

Question 39

Which bones form the transverse arch of the foot?

Answer 39

3 cuneiform bones

Question 40

How do fractures of the talar neck normal occur?

Answer 40

High energy injuries where the foot is forcibly dorsiflexed

Question 41

How do talar body fractures usually happen?

Answer 41

Jumping from height

Question 42

How is the calcaneus often fractured?

Answer 42

Axial loading such as falling from height

Question 43

What are the 3 main ways that metatarsals can be fractured?

Answer 43

Direct blow Stress fracture Excessive inversion of the foot causing an avulsion fracture

Question 44

Name the 3 arches in the foot.

Answer 44

Transverse arch Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch

Question 45

Which bones form the medial arch of the foot?

Answer 45

Calcaneus, talus, navicular cuneiforms and first 3 metatarsals.

Question 46

Which muscles support the medial arch of the foot?

Answer 46

Tibialis anterior and posterior Fibularis longus FDL Flexor hallucis Intrinsic foot muscles

Question 47

Which ligaments support the medial arch of the foot?

Answer 47

Plantar ligaments Medial ligament of the ankle joint

Question 48

Which arch lies on the ground in the standing position?

Answer 48

Lateral arch

Question 49

Which bones form the lateral arch of the foot?

Answer 49

Calcaneus, cuboid and 45h/5th metatarsals

Question 50

Which muscles support the lateral arch of the foot?

Answer 50

Fibularis longus FDL Intrinsic foot muscles

Question 51

Which ligaments support the lateral arch of the foot?

Answer 51

Plantar ligaments.

Question 52

Which bones form the transverse arch of the foot?

Answer 52

Metatarsal bones Cuboid Cuneiforms

Question 53

Which muscles support the transverse arch of the foot?

Answer 53

Fibularis longus Tibialios posterior

Question 54

Which ligaments support the transverse arch of the foot?

Answer 54

Plantar ligaments Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments

Question 55

Failure of which ligament leads to flat foot deformity?

Answer 55

Calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

Question 56

Which arch of the foot is supported by the calcaneonavicular ligament?

Answer 56

The medial longitudinal arch

Question 57

Where do extrinsic muscles of the foot arise from?

Answer 57

Leg compartments

Question 58

What are extrinsic muscles of the foot responsible for?

Answer 58

Eversion Inversion Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion

Question 59

Where are intrinsic muscles of the foot located?

Answer 59

Within the foot

Question 60

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot responsible for?

Answer 60

Fine motor actions (e.g. movement of individual digits)

Question 61

How many intrinsic muscles are in the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 61

2

Question 62

What are the muscles ib the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 62

Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis

Question 63

What are the functions of the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis?

Answer 63

Toe + great toe extension

Question 64

What is the innervation of the muscles in the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 64

Deep fibular nerve

Question 65

How many intrinsic muscles are there in the sole of the foot?

Answer 65

10

Question 66

Muscles in the sole of the foot are innervated by branches of which nerve?

Answer 66

Tibial

Question 67

What are the collective functions of muscles in the sole of the foot?

Answer 67

Stabilise arches of foot and control movements of digits

Question 68

Where does the neuromuscular plane in the foot lie?

Answer 68

Between the first and second layers.

Question 69

Which layer do the long flexor tendons of the foot lie in?

Answer 69

Second layer

Question 70

Which layer do the tendons of the tibialis posterior and peroneus longus lie in?

Answer 70

Fourth layer.

Question 71

What is the function of tibialis posterior?

Answer 71

Inversion + plantar flexion of the foot Contributes to stabilising medial arch of the foot

Question 72

What is the innervation of tibialis posterior?

Answer 72

Tibial nerve

Question 73

Where does tibialis posterior insert?

Answer 73

Plantar surfaces of medial tarsal bones.

Question 74

What is the function of peroneus longus?

Answer 74

Eversion and plantarflesion of the foot. Supports lateral and transverse foot arches.

Question 75

What is the innervation of peroneus longus?

Answer 75

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 76

What is the insertion point of peroneus longus?

Answer 76

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal