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neuro > ANATOMY- neurons and nerves > Flashcards

ANATOMY- neurons and nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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2
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

-all other nerve tissue not within CNS

-12CNs and 31 spinal nerves

(CNS= spinal cord and brain)

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3
Q

what do spinal nerves connect to?

A

-spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord

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4
Q

what do cranial nerves connect with?

A

-cranial nerves connect with the brain

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5
Q

basic unit of the nervous system?

A

-the neuron

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6
Q

where are the collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

-the nucleus

Cns= nuCleus

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7
Q

where are the collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS located?

A

-in the ganglion

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8
Q

what are the two main types of neurons?

A

-motor neurons (multipolar)
-sensory neurons (Unipolar/ pseudounipolar)

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9
Q

what are the main type of neurons in the CNS and describe it

A

-Multipolar neurons
-they have 2 or more dendrites
-they are motor neurons
-they are efferent so their impulses move from the brain towards the body wall, body cavity or organ

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10
Q

what are the main type of neurons in the PNS and describe it

A

-unipolar/ pseudounipolar
-they have a double process
-these are sensory neurons
-they are afferent so their impulses move towards the brain

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11
Q

what are nerves?

A

-collections of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels

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12
Q

what are the 2 modalities of nerves?

A
  1. single modality (one of somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, or visceral afferent)
  2. mixed modality (somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic all together in one nerve
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13
Q

what modality do ‘tracts’ tend to consist of?

A

-tracts tends to consist of single modality

single modality: one of the somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, or visceral afferent

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14
Q

name the spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

8 cervical: C1- C8
12 thoracic: T1-T12
5 lumbar: L1- L5
5 sacral: S1- S5
1 coccygeal: Co1

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15
Q

where are spinal nerves found?

A

only found in the intervertebral foramina

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16
Q

what do the spinal nerves connect with?

A

-they connect with structures of the soma via rami
-the spinal cord segment of the same number via roots and rootlets

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17
Q

What are A-G

A

A= right anterior/ventral rootlet
B= right anterior/ventral root
C= right posterior/dorsal rootlet
D= right posterior/dorsal root
E= posterior rami (smaller and connects to posterior wall)
F= anterior rami (larger and connects to anterolateral body wall)
G= spinal nerve

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18
Q

Where do motor axons in the spinal nerves pass?

A

-pass from anterior horn of spinal cord
-from anterior horn to anterior rootlets
-anterior rootlets to anterior root
-anterior root to spinal nerve

anterior horn > anterior rootlets > anterior root > spinal nerve

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19
Q

Where do sensory axons in the spinal nerves pass?

A

-all sensory axons pass from the spinal nerve
-from spinal nerve into the posterior root
-from the posterior root into the posterior rootlets
-from the posterior rootlets into the posterior horn of the spinal cord

spinal nerve > posterior root > posterior rootlets > posterior horn of the spinal cord

20
Q

what do general sensory nerves supply?

A

-all structures

21
Q

what do somatic motor nerves supply?

A

skeletal muscle

22
Q

what do sympathetic nerves supply?

A

-the skin and the smooth muscle of arterioles

23
Q

how is a dermatome innervated?

A

-area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve
-also supplies sensory innervation to deeper structures
-innervation of skin by adjacent spinal nerves shows overlap

24
Q

how is a myotome innervated?

A

-the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve
-may be deep to dermatome of same spinal nerve, but not always

25
Q

What dermatome is the nipple?

A

T4

26
Q

what dermatome is the umbilicus?

A

T10

27
Q

what dermatome are the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?

A

C2-C4

28
Q

what dermatome are the upper limb?

A

C5-T1

29
Q

what dermatome are the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?

A

L2- Co1

30
Q

what is a nerve plexus?

A

-intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

31
Q

what spinal nerves are involved in the cervical plexus and what does this cover?

A

C1-C4

-posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

32
Q

what spinal nerves are involved in the brachial plexus and what does this cover?

A

C5-T1

-upper limb

33
Q

what spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus and what does this cover?

A

L1-L4

Lower limbs

34
Q

what spinal nerves are involved in the sacral plexus and what does this cover?

A

L5-S4

Lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

35
Q

what levels of the sympathetic chain have lateral horns?

A

T1- L2

36
Q

does the sympathetic chain pass through anterior or posterior rootlets/ roots?

A

anterior as sympathetic chain provides motor innervation

37
Q

what spinal nerves are part of the sympathetic chain?

A

-all of them

however only T1-L2 have lateral horns meaning that the signals can just by pass and go straight from the spinal cord through these levels

38
Q

what 4 routes does the sympathetic chain take?

A

-can ascend and then synapse (innervation of neck and upper limb)

-can synapse at the level of entry (innervation of middle trunk)

-can descend and then synapse (innervation of lower limb)

-can pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsing to enter an adominopelvic splanchnic nerve (for innervation of abdominopelvic viscera only)

39
Q

are para or pre vertebral ganglia involved in the sympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

cervical paravertebral ganglia

40
Q

are para or pre vertebral ganglia involved in the sympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

41
Q

are para or pre vertebral ganglia involved in the sympathetic innervation of the abdominopelvic organs?

A

in the prevertebral ganglia

42
Q

where do the presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNA via:
-cranial nerves III, VII, IX + X
-sacral spinal nerves

43
Q

Where do the presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel to reach the eye?

A

-they leave the CNS via CN III (oculomotor) and travel through the ciliary ganglion to reach the eye

44
Q

where do the presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel to reach the lacrimal and salivary glands?

A

-they leave the CNS via CN VII (facial) and CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and travel through the parasympathetic ganglia in the head to reach the lacrimal and salivary glands

45
Q

where do the presynaptic parasympathetic axons travel to reach the organs of the neck, chest, abdomen and mid gut?

A

-they leave the CNS via CNX (vagus) and travel to reach the organs of the neck, chest, abdomen and mid gut

46
Q

where do the sacral spinal nerves travel to reach the organs of the hindgut, pelvis and perineum?

A

they leave the sacral spinal nerves (S2, S3, S4) and travel to reach the hindgut, pelvis and perineum

neuro (44 decks)

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