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J Neuro > ANATOMY - nervous system > Flashcards

ANATOMY - nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

spinal cord and brain

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2
Q

which part of a neurone passes on action potentials (APs)

A

axons

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3
Q

which part of a neurone receives action potentials (APs) from another neurons axon

A

dendrite

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4
Q

what is ‘the powerhouse’ of the neurone

A

body/soma

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5
Q

what is in the body/soma of the neurone that classifies it as the ‘powerhouse’ of the neurone

A

mitochondria
ribosomes
nucleus/ganglion
ER

etc

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6
Q

which part of the neurone is in between the body/soma and the axon

A

axon hillock

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7
Q

what is the significance of the axon hillock

A

generates most action potentials (APs)

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8
Q

what is the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion

A

ganglion is found in PNS
nucleus is found in CNS

both parts of the neuron body/soma

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9
Q

how does neuronal injury occur

A

ischaemia/hypoxia

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10
Q

which part of the brain has most neurones

A

cerebellum

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11
Q

what is a nerve

what is a tract

(clue: theyre similar)

A

nerve - collection of axons in PNS

tract - collection of axons in CNS

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12
Q

where is the myelin sheath

what is its purpose

A

wraps around axons

insulator/conductor = faster AP transmission speed

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13
Q

what is the function of a schwann cell/oligodendrocyte

A

produce myelin

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14
Q

where are oligodendrocytes and schwann cells found (CNS/PNS)

A

oligodendrocytes - in CNS

schwann cells - in PNS

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15
Q

what is the difference in function between a multipolar and unipolar neurone

A

multipolar - motor signals (from CNS to PNS - so body in CNS)
think multipolar because motor signals need to go to more than one place (lots of diff parts of one muscle)

unipolar- sensory signals (from PNS to CNS - so body in PNS)
think unipolar bc sensory signals come from one specific place and go to one specific location

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16
Q

where is the body/soma of a unipolar neurone

A

PNS (bc that’s where it originates)

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17
Q

where is the body/soma of a multipolar neurone

A

CNS (bc that’s where it originates)

18
Q

what is another name for a multipolar neurone

A

lower motor neurone (LMN)

19
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

20
Q

what is the purpose of astrocytes

A

maintain blood brain barrier

21
Q

what does damage to astrocytes look like on histopathology

A

gliosis - increase in number and size, old lesions become dark

22
Q

what do astrocytes normally look like on histopathology

A

star shaped

23
Q

what is the most important histopathological marker of CNS damage

A

astrocyte gliosis

24
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

produce myelin for axons in the CNS

25
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A

insulator around the axons = increases conduction velocity of APs

26
Q

how many myelin sheaths does an oligodendrocyte produce

A

lots! - in between several axons

27
Q

in what conditions are myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes important

give 2 examples

A

demyelinating disorders

eg multiple sclerosis, guillane barre

28
Q

what is damaged in demyelinating disorders

what does this result in

A

oligodendrocytes (in CNS not schwann cells in PNS)

decreased myelin sheaths

= slowed conduction of signals from brain to body and vice versa

29
Q

what is the node of ranvier

A

in areas where the axon is exposed as there is no myelin sheath coverage (unmyelinated part of axon)

30
Q

what is the significance of the node of ranvier

A

precipitates rapid saltatory conduction

31
Q

what types of cell are microglia

A

immune cells

32
Q

when do you see microglia

A

when damage has happened (there to fix the problem - immune cells)

33
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

cells (epithelium) lining the ventricles

34
Q

when do ependymal cells get damaged

A

by viruses

35
Q

is there connective tissue in CNS

A

no apart from around blood vessels

36
Q

how fast is the damage if necrosis has occurred

A

fast

eg stroke

37
Q

how fast is the damage if atrophy has occurred

A

slow

eg age related cerebral atrophy

38
Q

where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord

A

T1-L2 (thoracolumbar region)

39
Q

what happens to sympathetic nerves once they leave the spinal cord (to heart and lungs)

A

synapse in ganglia next to the spinal cord (PARAvertebral ganglia)
then travel through cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to heart and lungs

40
Q

what happens to sympathetic nerves once they leave the spinal cord (to abdominopelvic organs)

A

synapse away from the spinal cord (PREvertebral ganglia)

then travel to applicable organs via specific nerves

41
Q

which 4 cranial nerves do ALL parasympathetic outflow leave the brain via

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X (mainly vagus but others too)

plus sacral spinal nerves (to pelvis, perineum and hindgut)

J Neuro (32 decks)

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