ANATOMY - brain Flashcards
what does the telencephalon give rise to
cerebral hemispheres
what does the diencephalon give rise to
thalamus and hypothalamus
what does the mesencephalon give rise to
midbrain
Mesencephalon = Midbrain
what does the metencephalon give rise to
pons and cerebellum
METencephalon = where the pons and cerebellum MEET)
what does the myelencephalon give rise to
medulla oblongata
MeyeLencephalon = MeduLLa
what does the occipital lobe do
associated with sight
think occipital CN = sight
what does the temporal lobe do
emotion
organization
memory
think emotion = temperamental
which brain lobe is wernickes area in
how does damage to wernickes area present
temporal lobe
only in dominant side of brain (usually L)
difficulty understanding speech
temporal lobe = receptive/sensory centre = difficulties receiving info
which lobe is the temporal lobe anterior to
occipital
which sulcus is the temporal lobe inferior to
lateral sulcus
which sulcus is the parietal lobe posterior to
which sulcus is the parietal lobe superior to
which lobe it the parietal lobe posterior to
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
frontal lobe
which sulcus is the parietal lobe anterior to
parieto-occipital sulcus
which lobe is superior to temporal lobe
parietal lobe
what does the parietal lobe do
sensation and perception
remember;
precentral gyrus = motor cortex in frontal lobe
postcentral gyrus = somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
which lobe is the post central gyrus in
what cortex is in the post central gyrus
parietal lobe
somatosensory
which is the most anterior lobe
frontal lobe
what does the frontal lobe do
planning, decision making, thinking
thinking - remember that you scratch the front of your head when thinking = frontal lobe
how does frontal lobe damage present
personality change
inability to solve problems
which lobe is brocas area in
how does damage to brocas area present
frontal lobe
dominant side of brain only - usually left
frontal lobe = motor problem = problem with their speech
damage = ‘broken language’ = cant think fluently = influent language
B rocas area = B roken language
which lobe is the pre central gyrus in
what cortex is in the precentral gyrus
frontal lobe
motor cortex
what is the 5th (hidden) lobe of the brain
insular lobe
what function does the insular lobe have
senses pain
where do inferior visual field defects end up in the brain (which lobe)
parietal lobe
remember PIST; parietal = inferior, superior = temporal
bc temporal lobe is inferior to parietal lobe but visual field tracts cross over (top to bottom and L to R)
where do superior visual field defects end up in the brain (which lobe)
temporal lobe
remember PIST; parietal = inferior, superior = temporal
bc temporal lobe is inferior to parietal lobe but visual field tracts cross over (top to bottom and L to R)
what is a gyrus
bumps on the outside of brain
what is a sulcus
a groove in between gyri, on the outside of brain
what is a fissure
a deep sulcus (can stick finger in)
what are the 2 fissures of the brain
lateral fissures longitudinal fissure (along top of brain)
where is the precentral gyrus
in front of central sulcus, in frontal lobe
where is the post central gyrus
behind central sulcus, in parietal lobe
what is the most superior part of the brain stem
midbrain (in mid of brain)
what is the middle part of the brain stem
pons
what is the most inferior part of the brain stem
medulla
which is more external, grey matter or white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum)
grey matter
which is more internal, grey matter or white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum)
white matter
what cellular component is in grey matter
neurone bodies
synapses etc
what cellular component is in white matter
how does it make it white
axons
covered in myelin sheaths that are white in colour
what is the corpus callosum
what is it made of
where is it
connection between left and right side of brain
made of white matter (axons)
above the lateral ventricles
what are the 3 white matter communication areas
corpus callosum
fornix
internal capsule
where is the internal capsule
what is it made of
lateral to the third ventricles, seen in transverse plane
white matter
what are the names of the ‘sulci and gyri’ of the cerebellum
sulci and follia
when looking at a CT of the brainstem, what level of the brain stem are you at if you can see the cerebellum
pons
both come from same embryological origin (metencephalon)
what attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem
penduncles (3 of them )
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
floculonodular node - can see the flocculus outside, rest of lobe inside
what attaches the 2 cerebellar hemispheres together
vermis
what structure is the cerebellum underneath
tentorium cerebelli (‘tents’ the cerebellum)
how does grey and white matter differ in the cerebellum compared to cerebral hemispheres
white matter internally, grey matter externally = SAME
small bits of grey matter (deep grey matter) in the white matter of cerebellum = DIFF from cerebral hemispheres
= neurone bodies in the white matter
how do input signals to the cerebellum get there
via peduncles from brainstem
granule layer
which cell layer do output signals from cerebellum leave
where do the output signals synapse after they leave? then go to?
purkinje cells
synapse in thalamus = motor cortex (frontal lobe)
does the cerebellum have ipsilateral or contralateral on the body
ipsilateral - diff from rest of brain
what does the lateral cerebellum do (cerebrocerebellum)
limb coordination
what does the central cerebellum do (vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum)
postural control
vestibulocerebellum - vestibular inputs
spinocerebellum - maintains muscle tone and posture
cerebellar dysfunction presentation
DANISH
dysdiadochokinesia - cant do rapid movements (eg hands supination)
ataxia - has a broad based gait
nystagmus - do H test
intention tremor - do finger nose test
scanning dysarthria - slow, poorly articulated speech
hypotonia - reduced tone
are the basal ganglia in grey or white matter
where about in cerebral hemispheres are they
grey
bottom of cerebral hemispheres
basal ganglia
what is the striatum made up of
what does it look like
caudate nucleus and putamen
STRIatum = looks STRIpey
basal ganglia
what is the lenticular nucleus made up of
what does it look like
putamen and globus pallidus
lens shaped (hence ‘len’ticular) - triangle shaped
what is the corpus striatum made up of
striatum AND lenticular nucleus
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
where is the caudate nucleus
lateral floor of lateral ventricle
what are the 5 core components of the basal ganglia (basic components)
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra
where is the subthalamic nucleu s
under the thalamus
what does the substantia nigra look like
where do you see it
black lines
axial section of brain stem
what disease is caused by degeneration of substantia nigra
parkinsons
s the basal ganglia grey matter or white matter
grey matter
what area of white matter is in close relation to the basal ganglia
internal capsule
what does the direct pathway of the basal ganglia do
increases desired movement
don’t understand just learn
what does the indirect pathway of basal ganglia do
suppresses movement (don't understand just learn)
what is the function of basal ganglia
facilitates purposeful movement
what does a lesion in basal ganglia cause
contralateral changes in muscle tone, tremor, myoclonus etc
NOT paralysis
how does parkinsons present
where is the problem in parkinsons
akinesia
rigidity
resting tremor
basal ganglia (substantia nigra) NOT cerebellum
apart form parkinsons, what other condition has affected basal ganglia
huntingtons
where does the brain blood supply come from (2 arteries)
internal carotid
vertebral artery
where is the vertebral artery a branch of
subclavian
where is the circle of willis in relation to layers of meninges
between arachnoid and pia mater
where do the anterior cerebral arteries come from
internal carotid
where do the middle cerebral arteries comes from
internal carotids
where is the anterior communicating artery between
right and left anterior cerebral arteries
where does the posterior cerebral arteries come from
basilar artery
where does the basilar artery come from
vertebral arteries?????
what is the posterior communicating artery between
posterior cerebral artery and the internal carotids = connection between anterior and posterior brain circulations
what is the most common site of aneurism in the circle of willis
hence which part of the brain is most likely affected din a stroke
anterior communicating artery
frontal lobe
what do the anterior cerebral arteries supply
medial cerebrum
corpus callosum
caudate nucleus
what do the middle cerebral arteries supply
lateral cerebrum
basal ganglia
what do the posterior cerebral arteries supply
posterior cerebrum
incl visual cortex
clinical presentation of anterior cerebral artery occlusion
contralateral leg sensory and motor problem
frontal lobe dysfunction - personality change, cant solve problems
clinical presentation of middle cerebral artery occlusion
contralateral face and upper limb motor and sensory problem
clinical presentation of posterior cerebral artery occlusion
homonymous hemianopia on contralateral side (eg lesion on R = cant see L vision in both eyes)
what is the central sulcus
if you cant find it, how can it be found
the sulcus that runs downs the centre of the lateral border of the brain, v deep!!!
should see it from medial border (if given that also) - called the cingulate sulcus here
cingulate sulcus - prominent, runs horizontal then vertically up
which lobe is the insular lobe under
temporal lobe
what is the gyrus of the cerebellum called
KNOW FOR SPOTS
folia
which structure is the corpus callosum above in the coronal plane
right above the lateral ventricles
which cranial foramen goes along, up, then along again
KNOW FOR SPOTS
carotid canal
where do all the venous sinuses of brain drain before going into the internal jugular vein
where is this
the confluence of sinuses
under occipital bone
in the homunculus, where are the legs
medially (the bit that dips in in the middle)
looks like someone lying on back with legs dangling down
what is the fissure that runs down the middle of the brain from front to back called
longitudinal fissure
what is the central sulcus a continuation of
the cingulate sulcus in the medial wall of brain
