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J Neuro > ANATOMY - brain > Flashcards

ANATOMY - brain Flashcards

1
Q

what does the telencephalon give rise to

A

cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

what does the diencephalon give rise to

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

midbrain

Mesencephalon = Midbrain

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4
Q

what does the metencephalon give rise to

A

pons and cerebellum

METencephalon = where the pons and cerebellum MEET)

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5
Q

what does the myelencephalon give rise to

A

medulla oblongata

MeyeLencephalon = MeduLLa

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6
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

associated with sight

think occipital CN = sight

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7
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

emotion
organization
memory

think emotion = temperamental

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8
Q

which brain lobe is wernickes area in

how does damage to wernickes area present

A

temporal lobe
only in dominant side of brain (usually L)

difficulty understanding speech
temporal lobe = receptive/sensory centre = difficulties receiving info

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9
Q

which lobe is the temporal lobe anterior to

A

occipital

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10
Q

which sulcus is the temporal lobe inferior to

A

lateral sulcus

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11
Q

which sulcus is the parietal lobe posterior to
which sulcus is the parietal lobe superior to
which lobe it the parietal lobe posterior to

A

central sulcus
lateral sulcus
frontal lobe

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12
Q

which sulcus is the parietal lobe anterior to

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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13
Q

which lobe is superior to temporal lobe

A

parietal lobe

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14
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A

sensation and perception

remember;
precentral gyrus = motor cortex in frontal lobe
postcentral gyrus = somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

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15
Q

which lobe is the post central gyrus in

what cortex is in the post central gyrus

A

parietal lobe

somatosensory

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16
Q

which is the most anterior lobe

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

planning, decision making, thinking

thinking - remember that you scratch the front of your head when thinking = frontal lobe

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18
Q

how does frontal lobe damage present

A

personality change

inability to solve problems

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19
Q

which lobe is brocas area in

how does damage to brocas area present

A

frontal lobe
dominant side of brain only - usually left

frontal lobe = motor problem = problem with their speech
damage = ‘broken language’ = cant think fluently = influent language
B rocas area = B roken language

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20
Q

which lobe is the pre central gyrus in

what cortex is in the precentral gyrus

A

frontal lobe

motor cortex

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21
Q

what is the 5th (hidden) lobe of the brain

A

insular lobe

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22
Q

what function does the insular lobe have

A

senses pain

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23
Q

where do inferior visual field defects end up in the brain (which lobe)

A

parietal lobe

remember PIST; parietal = inferior, superior = temporal
bc temporal lobe is inferior to parietal lobe but visual field tracts cross over (top to bottom and L to R)

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24
Q

where do superior visual field defects end up in the brain (which lobe)

A

temporal lobe

remember PIST; parietal = inferior, superior = temporal
bc temporal lobe is inferior to parietal lobe but visual field tracts cross over (top to bottom and L to R)

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25
Q

what is a gyrus

A

bumps on the outside of brain

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26
Q

what is a sulcus

A

a groove in between gyri, on the outside of brain

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27
Q

what is a fissure

A

a deep sulcus (can stick finger in)

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28
Q

what are the 2 fissures of the brain

A 
lateral fissures 
longitudinal fissure (along top of brain)
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29
Q

where is the precentral gyrus

A

in front of central sulcus, in frontal lobe

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30
Q

where is the post central gyrus

A

behind central sulcus, in parietal lobe

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31
Q

what is the most superior part of the brain stem

A

midbrain (in mid of brain)

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32
Q

what is the middle part of the brain stem

A

pons

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33
Q

what is the most inferior part of the brain stem

A

medulla

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34
Q

which is more external, grey matter or white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum)

A

grey matter

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35
Q

which is more internal, grey matter or white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum)

A

white matter

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36
Q

what cellular component is in grey matter

A

neurone bodies

synapses etc

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37
Q

what cellular component is in white matter

how does it make it white

A

axons

covered in myelin sheaths that are white in colour

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38
Q

what is the corpus callosum
what is it made of
where is it

A

connection between left and right side of brain
made of white matter (axons)
above the lateral ventricles

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39
Q

what are the 3 white matter communication areas

A

corpus callosum
fornix
internal capsule

40
Q

where is the internal capsule

what is it made of

A

lateral to the third ventricles, seen in transverse plane

white matter

41
Q

what are the names of the ‘sulci and gyri’ of the cerebellum

A

sulci and follia

42
Q

when looking at a CT of the brainstem, what level of the brain stem are you at if you can see the cerebellum

A

pons

both come from same embryological origin (metencephalon)

43
Q

what attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

penduncles (3 of them )

44
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
floculonodular node - can see the flocculus outside, rest of lobe inside

45
Q

what attaches the 2 cerebellar hemispheres together

A

vermis

46
Q

what structure is the cerebellum underneath

A

tentorium cerebelli (‘tents’ the cerebellum)

47
Q

how does grey and white matter differ in the cerebellum compared to cerebral hemispheres

A

white matter internally, grey matter externally = SAME
small bits of grey matter (deep grey matter) in the white matter of cerebellum = DIFF from cerebral hemispheres

= neurone bodies in the white matter

48
Q

how do input signals to the cerebellum get there

A

via peduncles from brainstem

granule layer

49
Q

which cell layer do output signals from cerebellum leave

where do the output signals synapse after they leave? then go to?

A

purkinje cells

synapse in thalamus = motor cortex (frontal lobe)

50
Q

does the cerebellum have ipsilateral or contralateral on the body

A

ipsilateral - diff from rest of brain

51
Q

what does the lateral cerebellum do (cerebrocerebellum)

A

limb coordination

52
Q

what does the central cerebellum do (vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum)

A

postural control

vestibulocerebellum - vestibular inputs
spinocerebellum - maintains muscle tone and posture

53
Q

cerebellar dysfunction presentation

A

DANISH

dysdiadochokinesia - cant do rapid movements (eg hands supination)
ataxia - has a broad based gait
nystagmus - do H test
intention tremor - do finger nose test
scanning dysarthria - slow, poorly articulated speech
hypotonia - reduced tone

54
Q

are the basal ganglia in grey or white matter

where about in cerebral hemispheres are they

A

grey

bottom of cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

basal ganglia

what is the striatum made up of

what does it look like

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

STRIatum = looks STRIpey

56
Q

basal ganglia

what is the lenticular nucleus made up of

what does it look like

A

putamen and globus pallidus

lens shaped (hence ‘len’ticular) - triangle shaped

57
Q

what is the corpus striatum made up of

A

striatum AND lenticular nucleus

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

58
Q

where is the caudate nucleus

A

lateral floor of lateral ventricle

59
Q

what are the 5 core components of the basal ganglia (basic components)

A 
caudate nucleus 
putamen 
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
60
Q

where is the subthalamic nucleu s

A

under the thalamus

61
Q

what does the substantia nigra look like

where do you see it

A

black lines

axial section of brain stem

62
Q

what disease is caused by degeneration of substantia nigra

A

parkinsons

63
Q

s the basal ganglia grey matter or white matter

A

grey matter

64
Q

what area of white matter is in close relation to the basal ganglia

A

internal capsule

65
Q

what does the direct pathway of the basal ganglia do

A

increases desired movement

don’t understand just learn

66
Q

what does the indirect pathway of basal ganglia do

A 
suppresses movement 
(don't understand just learn)
67
Q

what is the function of basal ganglia

A

facilitates purposeful movement

68
Q

what does a lesion in basal ganglia cause

A

contralateral changes in muscle tone, tremor, myoclonus etc

NOT paralysis

69
Q

how does parkinsons present

where is the problem in parkinsons

A

akinesia
rigidity
resting tremor

basal ganglia (substantia nigra) NOT cerebellum

70
Q

apart form parkinsons, what other condition has affected basal ganglia

A

huntingtons

71
Q

where does the brain blood supply come from (2 arteries)

A

internal carotid

vertebral artery

72
Q

where is the vertebral artery a branch of

A

subclavian

73
Q

where is the circle of willis in relation to layers of meninges

A

between arachnoid and pia mater

74
Q

where do the anterior cerebral arteries come from

A

internal carotid

75
Q

where do the middle cerebral arteries comes from

A

internal carotids

76
Q

where is the anterior communicating artery between

A

right and left anterior cerebral arteries

77
Q

where does the posterior cerebral arteries come from

A

basilar artery

78
Q

where does the basilar artery come from

A

vertebral arteries?????

79
Q

what is the posterior communicating artery between

A

posterior cerebral artery and the internal carotids = connection between anterior and posterior brain circulations

80
Q

what is the most common site of aneurism in the circle of willis

hence which part of the brain is most likely affected din a stroke

A

anterior communicating artery

frontal lobe

81
Q

what do the anterior cerebral arteries supply

A

medial cerebrum
corpus callosum
caudate nucleus

82
Q

what do the middle cerebral arteries supply

A

lateral cerebrum

basal ganglia

83
Q

what do the posterior cerebral arteries supply

A

posterior cerebrum

incl visual cortex

84
Q

clinical presentation of anterior cerebral artery occlusion

A

contralateral leg sensory and motor problem

frontal lobe dysfunction - personality change, cant solve problems

85
Q

clinical presentation of middle cerebral artery occlusion

A

contralateral face and upper limb motor and sensory problem

86
Q

clinical presentation of posterior cerebral artery occlusion

A

homonymous hemianopia on contralateral side (eg lesion on R = cant see L vision in both eyes)

87
Q

what is the central sulcus

if you cant find it, how can it be found

A

the sulcus that runs downs the centre of the lateral border of the brain, v deep!!!

should see it from medial border (if given that also) - called the cingulate sulcus here
cingulate sulcus - prominent, runs horizontal then vertically up

88
Q

which lobe is the insular lobe under

A

temporal lobe

89
Q

what is the gyrus of the cerebellum called

KNOW FOR SPOTS

A

folia

90
Q

which structure is the corpus callosum above in the coronal plane

A

right above the lateral ventricles

91
Q

which cranial foramen goes along, up, then along again

KNOW FOR SPOTS

A

carotid canal

92
Q

where do all the venous sinuses of brain drain before going into the internal jugular vein

where is this

A

the confluence of sinuses

under occipital bone

93
Q

in the homunculus, where are the legs

A

medially (the bit that dips in in the middle)

looks like someone lying on back with legs dangling down

94
Q

what is the fissure that runs down the middle of the brain from front to back called

A

longitudinal fissure

95
Q

what is the central sulcus a continuation of

A

the cingulate sulcus in the medial wall of brain

J Neuro (32 decks)

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