Anatomy - Lower Body Flashcards
Foot consists of…
26 bones and 31 joints (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
> 100 muscles, tendons, ligaments
Movement of the feet
- inversion (turning the foot inwards)
- eversion (turning the foot outwards)
- dorsiflexion (flexing the foot towards the knee)
- plantarflexion (pointing the toes, away from the knee)
- pronation (inner arch dropping towards the floor, often happens with flat feet)
- supination (outer arch dropping towards the floor, often happens with high arches)
Function of the foot
- bear the weight of the entire body
- performing the dynamic movements necessary for walking, running
Movement of the ankle joint
- hinge joint: purely dorsilexion and plantarflexion happen here
- subtalar joint (below ankle joint): produces eversion and inversion, supination and pronation
Function of the arches of the foot
- bear the weight of the body
- absorb shock produced by movement
3 bones that form the ankle joint
- tibia (shinbone)
- fibula (of the leg)
- talus (of the foot)
4 knee ligaments
- ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)
- PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)
- MCL (medial collateral ligament)
- LCL (lateral collateral ligament)
Patella
Kneecap
Meniscus
C shaped cushion for movement & shock absorption in the knee
Yoga & knees
Asanas put healthy stresses on the knee and build strength in the muscles around (quadriceps and hamstrings)
Example of anterior tilt of pelvis
Hips moving forward, creating an arch in the lower back.
Cow pose, bridge pose
Example of posterior tilt of pelvis
Hips moving backward, creating a slight rounding in the lower back.
Cat pose, forward fold
Function of the psoas
- flexes the knee
- lifts the leg at hip joint (flexion)
4 quadriceps
- rectus femoris
- vastus intermedius
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
Function of the quadriceps
Straightens the leg at knee joint (extension)
3 hamstrings
- semitendinosus (inner side)
- biceps femoris (at the center)
- semimembranosus (outer side)
Function of the hamstrings
- at knee joint: bending (flexing) the knee, rotate tibia at the flexed knee
- at the hip joint: extends the leg (kicking the leg back)
2 hip flexors
- iliopsoas (psoas)
- rectus femoris
Function of the hip flexors
Lifts the leg at hip joint (flexion)
5 adductors
- pectineus
- adductor longus (longest)
- adductor brevis (shortest)
- adductor magnus (largest)
- gracilis
Function of the adductors
- brings the leg to the midline
- assists with hip flexion
- internal rotation of the leg
- affects the positioning of pelvis by pulling down at the front (anterior tilt)
4 abductors
- gluteus maximus (extension and external rotation)
- gluteus minimus
- gluteus medius (important for stability)
- piriformis (and other deep gluteus below)
Function of the abductors
- brings the leg away from the midline
- externally rotate the hip
- affects positioning of the pelvis by pulling down at the back with hamstrings and abdominals (posterior tilt)
3 arches of the foot
- Anterior transverse arch
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
Formed by tarsal and metatarsal bones, supported by the ligaments and tendons in the foot.
Potential issues: high arches / flat feet
Movement of the knee
- flexion (bending the knee)
- extension (straightening the leg, extending the knee)
Hip joint
connects the femur bone to pelvis
Pelvis
- supports the weight of the body in static and dynamic situations
- retains balance, posterior vs. anterior tilt
SI (sacroilliac) joint
creates a stable base for the spine, allows body to maintain its upright position. Centre of gravity.
Movements from the hip joint
- flexion: lifting the leg
- extension: kicking the leg back
- adduction: bringing the leg to midline
- abduction: taking the leg away from midline
- internal (medial) rotation: turning the leg inwards
- external (lateral) rotation: turning the leg outward
