Anatomy Lecture 2-Axial Skeleton and Body Cavities Flashcards by rachel williams-bernholc

Function of bones:

Bones-supportive, protect organs, act as levers for movement, container for stem cells, fat and mineral reserves (calcium and phosphorus)

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What are synovial joints?

joints with cavity between articular joints filled with synovial fluid
covered with synovial membrane and it is encapsulated (stabilizes joint) by dense connective tissue.
Fluid reduces friction, acts of cushion, and provides nutrients.

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Types of Synovial Joints:

1.) Gliding 2.) Hinge 3.) Ball and Socket 4.) Pivot joint 5.) Condyler

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Example of Gliding joint:

Flat bones in wrists

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Example of Hinge joint:

Elbow

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Example of Ball in Socket joint:

Femur in hip

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Example of Pivot joint:

Atlantoaxial

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Example of Condyler joint:

Thumb and first digit.

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Label the joints:

A.) Gliding

C.) Hinge

D.) Ball and Socket

E.) Condyler

F.) Pivot

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The Axial Skeleton consists of:

) Skull
) Vertebrae
) Ribs
) Sternum

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Label A-V

A.) Frontal Bone

B.) Glabella

C.) Nasion

D.) Ethmoid Bone

E.) Inferior Nasal Concha

F.) Zygomatic Process of Maxilla

G.) Ramus of Mandible

H.) Maxilla

I.) Angle of Mandible

J.) Body of Mandible

K.) Mental Protuberance

L.) Mental Foramen

M.) Alveolar Process of Maxilla

N.) Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone

O.) Infraorbital Foramen

P.) Zygomatic Bone

Q.) Sphenoid Bone

R.) Nasal Bones

S.) Greater Wing of Sphenoid Bone

T.) Temporal Bone

U.) Supraorbital Foramen (Notch)

V.) Parietal Bone

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Label A-I

A.) Parietal Bone

B.) Lamboid Suture

C.) External Occipital Protuberance

D.) Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone

E.) Superior Nuchal Line

F.) Occipitomastoid Suture

G.) Squamous Suture

H.) Lambda

I.) Saggital Suture

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List 5 vertebral regions and the number of vertebral each contains:

) Cervical-7 vertebrae
) Thoracic-12 vertebrae
) Lumbar-5 vertebrae
) Sacrum-5 fused vertebrae
) Coccyx-3-4 fused vertebrae

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Label A-E

A.) Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

B.) Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

C.) Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-S5)

D.) Fused Sacral Vertebrae (Sacrum S1-S5)

E.) Coccygeal Vertebrae (Coccyx 3-4 fused)

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Label A-D

A.) Cervical Curvature

B.) Thoracic Curvature

C.) Lumbar Curvature

D.) Sacral/Coccygeal Curvature

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Name the primary curvatures of the vertebral column.

Thoracic and Sacral/coccygeal

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Name the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column.

Cervical and Lumbar

Purpose/function of the curvatures of the vertebral column.

These secondary curvatures help to bring the center of gravity into a vertical line allowing better balance of body weight on the vertebral column (expending the least amount of muscular energy in our normal upright bipedal stance).

What type of vertebrae is pictured? Label A-P

Type: Lumbar

A.) pedicle

B.) transverse process

C.) lamina

D.) spinous process

E.) vertebral arch

F.) fused (rib) costal element/transverse process

G.) vertebral body

H.) superior vertebral notch

I.) pedicle

J.) vertebral body

K.) inferior vertebral notch

L.) inferior articular process

M.) lamina

N.) spinous process

O.) transverse process

P.) superior articular process

Label A-G

A.) cervical vertebra

B.) thoracic vertebra

C.) lumbar vertebra

D.) Fused costal (rib) element

E.) Transverse Foramen

F.) Rib

G.) Fused costal (rib) element

How many pairs of ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae? Number of true ribs? Number of false ribs?

There are 12 pairs of ribs that articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and terminate anteriorly in a costal cartilage.

7 pairs of true ribs

5 pairs of false ribs (the lowest 2 pairs = floating ribs as they have no anterior connection to the sternum)

Label A-N

A.) Superior costal facet

B.) Superior articular process

C.) Costal facet of transverse process

D.) Inferior articular process

E.) Rib 5

F.) Inferior costal facet

G.) vertebral body

H.) intervertebral disc

I.) body of sternum

J.) costal cartilage

K.) sternal angle

L.) Xyphoid process

M.) clavicular notch

N.) Manubrium

Label A-N

A.) Head

B.) Tubercle

C.) Neck

D.) Angle

E.) Internal surface

F.) Costal groove

G.) costal cartilage

H.) external surface

I.) crest

J.) neck

K.) tubercle

L.) nonarticular surface

M.) articular facet

N.) articular facets

Rib 2 articulates with ______ posteriorly. It comes down and around toward the sternum where it articulates at the _____ _____.

Rib 2 articulates with T4/5 posteriorly. It comes down and around toward the sternum where it articulates at the sternal angle.

Rib 1 articulates with which vertebrae?

C7/T1

Synovial fluid is mainly composed of:

GAGs and Hyaluronic acid

2 types of joints:

1. ) Synovial = bones are separated by a cavity = synovial cavity = articular cavity (moveable) {associated with most of the appendicular skeleton} 2. ) Solid = bones are held together by connective tissue (less moveable) {associated more with the axial skeleton}

2 types of solid joints and give examples:

1. ) fibrous-(sutures, gomphosis, & syndesmosis) EX: periodontcal ligaments, sutures in skull, interosseous membrane in forearm 2. ) cartilaginous-(synchondrosis and symphysis) EX: cartilage of growth plates in bones, intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis

Label A-N

A.) Posterior Body Cavity B.) Cranial Cavity C.) Vertebral Cavity D.) Thoracic Cavity E.) Diaphragm F.) Abdominal Cavity G.) Pelvic Cavity H.) Cranial Cavity I.) Vertebral Cavity J.) Superior Mediastinum K.) Pleural Cavity L.) Pericardial Cavity within the mediastinum M.) Abdominopelvic Cavity N.) Anterior Body Cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Label A-H

A.) Squamous portion of temporal bone B.) Mastoid process of temporal bone C.) Greater wing of sphenoid bone D.) Body of sphenoid bone E.) Palatine bone F.) Vomer G.) External occipital protuberance H.) Superior nuchal line I.) foramen magnum

Label A-M

A.) Vertebral Column B.) Right Pleural Cavity C.) Rib 7 and 8 D.) Diaphragm E.) Inferior thoracic aperture F.) Xyphoid Process G.) Body of sternum H.) Sternal Angle I.) Manubrium of sternum J.) Rib 1 K.) Left pleural cavity L.) Mediastinum M.) Superior thoracic aperture

Label A-G

A.) Diaphragm B.) Abdominal Wall C.) Iliac crest D.) Inguinal ligament E.) Lower limb F.) Pelvic Inlet G.) Inferior thoracic aperture

Label A-F

A.) Body of sternum B.) Diaphragm C.) Abdominal cavity D.) Pelvic inlet E.) Pelvic cavity F.) Pubic symphysis

Describe the superior thoracic aperture

refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

Describe the inferior thoracic aperture.

The thoracic outlet is the lower opening of the thoracic cavity whose edges are the lowest ribs. It is closed by the diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

The abdominal wall assists in breathing: It _______ during inspiration to accommodate the expansion of the thoracic cavity and the inferior displacement of the abdominal viscera during the contraction of the diaphragm. During expiration, it ________ to assist in elevating the domes of the diaphragm, thus reducing the thoracic volume.

The abdominal wall assists in breathing: It relaxes during inspiration to accommodate the expansion of the thoracic cavity and the inferior displacement of the abdominal viscera during the contraction of the diaphragm. During expiration, it contracts to assist in elevating the domes of the diaphragm, thus reducing the thoracic volume.

Describe the mesenteries.

The mesenteries – 2 layers of the mesothelium coming together, they overlap, part of the refelction of the visceral to the parietal, neurovasculature travels in the mesenteries.

Label A-J

A.) Ears B.) Orbits C.) Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses D.) Nares E.) Oral Fissure F.) Oral Cavity G.) Oropharyngeal isthmus H.) Choaneae I.) Cranial Cavity

Label A-N

A.) C1- (anterior arch of the atlas) B.) Odontoid Process (Dens) C.) C2- (body of axis) D.) body of c3 E.) intervertebral disc F.) body pf c7 G.) posterior arch of atlas H.)spine of atlas I.) Inferior Articular Process J.) Facet Joint K.) Superior Articular Process L.) Posterior Wall of the Vertebral Canal M.) Lamina N.) Spine of C7

Label A-F

A.) Hyoid Bone B.) Condyler Process C.) Angle of Mandible D.) Body of Mandible E.) earlobe F.) Sinus