Anatomy Lecture 2-Axial Skeleton and Body Cavities

Question 1

Function of bones:

Answer 1

Bones-supportive, protect organs, act as levers for movement, container for stem cells, fat and mineral reserves (calcium and phosphorus)

Question 2

What are synovial joints?

Answer 2

• joints with cavity between articular joints filled with synovial fluid
• covered with synovial membrane and it is encapsulated (stabilizes joint) by dense connective tissue.
• Fluid reduces friction, acts of cushion, and provides nutrients.

Question 3

Types of Synovial Joints:

Answer 3

1.) Gliding 2.) Hinge 3.) Ball and Socket 4.) Pivot joint 5.) Condyler

Question 4

Example of Gliding joint:

Answer 4

Flat bones in wrists

Question 5

Example of Hinge joint:

Answer 5

Elbow

Question 6

Example of Ball in Socket joint:

Answer 6

Femur in hip

Question 7

Example of Pivot joint:

Answer 7

Atlantoaxial

Question 8

Example of Condyler joint:

Answer 8

Thumb and first digit.

Question 9

Label the joints:

Answer 9

A.) Gliding

C.) Hinge

D.) Ball and Socket

E.) Condyler

F.) Pivot

Question 10

The Axial Skeleton consists of:

Answer 10

1. ) Skull
2. ) Vertebrae
3. ) Ribs
4. ) Sternum

Question 11

Label A-V

Answer 11

A.) Frontal Bone

B.) Glabella

C.) Nasion

D.) Ethmoid Bone

E.) Inferior Nasal Concha

F.) Zygomatic Process of Maxilla

G.) Ramus of Mandible

H.) Maxilla

I.) Angle of Mandible

J.) Body of Mandible

K.) Mental Protuberance

L.) Mental Foramen

M.) Alveolar Process of Maxilla

N.) Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone

O.) Infraorbital Foramen

P.) Zygomatic Bone

Q.) Sphenoid Bone

R.) Nasal Bones

S.) Greater Wing of Sphenoid Bone

T.) Temporal Bone

U.) Supraorbital Foramen (Notch)

V.) Parietal Bone

Question 12

Label A-I

Answer 12

A.) Parietal Bone

B.) Lamboid Suture

C.) External Occipital Protuberance

D.) Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone

E.) Superior Nuchal Line

F.) Occipitomastoid Suture

G.) Squamous Suture

H.) Lambda

I.) Saggital Suture

Question 13

List 5 vertebral regions and the number of vertebral each contains:

Answer 13

1. ) Cervical-7 vertebrae
2. ) Thoracic-12 vertebrae
3. ) Lumbar-5 vertebrae
4. ) Sacrum-5 fused vertebrae
5. ) Coccyx-3-4 fused vertebrae

Question 14

Label A-E

Answer 14

A.) Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

B.) Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

C.) Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-S5)

D.) Fused Sacral Vertebrae (Sacrum S1-S5)

E.) Coccygeal Vertebrae (Coccyx 3-4 fused)

Question 15

Label A-D

Answer 15

A.) Cervical Curvature

B.) Thoracic Curvature

C.) Lumbar Curvature

D.) Sacral/Coccygeal Curvature

Question 16

Name the primary curvatures of the vertebral column.

Answer 16

Thoracic and Sacral/coccygeal

Question 17

Name the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column.

Answer 17

Cervical and Lumbar

Question 18

Purpose/function of the curvatures of the vertebral column.

Answer 18

These secondary curvatures help to bring the center of gravity into a vertical line allowing better balance of body weight on the vertebral column (expending the least amount of muscular energy in our normal upright bipedal stance).

Question 19

What type of vertebrae is pictured? Label A-P

Answer 19

Type: Lumbar

A.) pedicle

B.) transverse process

C.) lamina

D.) spinous process

E.) vertebral arch

F.) fused (rib) costal element/transverse process

G.) vertebral body

H.) superior vertebral notch

I.) pedicle

J.) vertebral body

K.) inferior vertebral notch

L.) inferior articular process

M.) lamina

N.) spinous process

O.) transverse process

P.) superior articular process

Question 20

Label A-G

Answer 20

A.) cervical vertebra

B.) thoracic vertebra

C.) lumbar vertebra

D.) Fused costal (rib) element

E.) Transverse Foramen

F.) Rib

G.) Fused costal (rib) element

Question 21

How many pairs of ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae? Number of true ribs? Number of false ribs?

Answer 21

There are 12 pairs of ribs that articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and terminate anteriorly in a costal cartilage.

7 pairs of true ribs

5 pairs of false ribs (the lowest 2 pairs = floating ribs as they have no anterior connection to the sternum)

Question 22

Label A-N

Answer 22

A.) Superior costal facet

B.) Superior articular process

C.) Costal facet of transverse process

D.) Inferior articular process

E.) Rib 5

F.) Inferior costal facet

G.) vertebral body

H.) intervertebral disc

I.) body of sternum

J.) costal cartilage

K.) sternal angle

L.) Xyphoid process

M.) clavicular notch

N.) Manubrium

Question 23

Label A-N

Answer 23

A.) Head

B.) Tubercle

C.) Neck

D.) Angle

E.) Internal surface

F.) Costal groove

G.) costal cartilage

H.) external surface

I.) crest

J.) neck

K.) tubercle

L.) nonarticular surface

M.) articular facet

N.) articular facets

Question 24

Rib 2 articulates with ______ posteriorly. It comes down and around toward the sternum where it articulates at the _____ _____.

Answer 24

Rib 2 articulates with T4/5 posteriorly. It comes down and around toward the sternum where it articulates at the sternal angle.

Question 25

Rib 1 articulates with which vertebrae?

Answer 25

C7/T1

Question 26

Synovial fluid is mainly composed of:

Answer 26

GAGs and Hyaluronic acid

Question 27

2 types of joints:

Answer 27

1. ) Synovial = bones are separated by a cavity = synovial cavity = articular cavity (moveable) {associated with most of the appendicular skeleton}
2. ) Solid = bones are held together by connective tissue (less moveable) {associated more with the axial skeleton}

Question 28

2 types of solid joints and give examples:

Answer 28

1. ) fibrous-(sutures, gomphosis, & syndesmosis) EX: periodontcal ligaments, sutures in skull, interosseous membrane in forearm
2. ) cartilaginous-(synchondrosis and symphysis) EX: cartilage of growth plates in bones, intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis

Question 29

Label A-N

Answer 29

A.) Posterior Body Cavity

B.) Cranial Cavity

C.) Vertebral Cavity

D.) Thoracic Cavity

E.) Diaphragm

F.) Abdominal Cavity

G.) Pelvic Cavity

H.) Cranial Cavity

I.) Vertebral Cavity

J.) Superior Mediastinum

K.) Pleural Cavity

L.) Pericardial Cavity within the mediastinum

M.) Abdominopelvic Cavity

N.) Anterior

Body Cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Question 30

Label A-H

Answer 30

A.) Squamous portion of temporal bone

B.) Mastoid process of temporal bone

C.) Greater wing of sphenoid bone

D.) Body of sphenoid bone

E.) Palatine bone

F.) Vomer

G.) External occipital protuberance

H.) Superior nuchal line

I.) foramen magnum

Question 32

Label A-M

Answer 32

A.) Vertebral Column

B.) Right Pleural Cavity

C.) Rib 7 and 8

D.) Diaphragm

E.) Inferior thoracic aperture

F.) Xyphoid Process

G.) Body of sternum

H.) Sternal Angle

I.) Manubrium of sternum

J.) Rib 1

K.) Left pleural cavity

L.) Mediastinum

M.) Superior thoracic aperture

Question 33

Label A-G

Answer 33

A.) Diaphragm

B.) Abdominal Wall

C.) Iliac crest

D.) Inguinal ligament

E.) Lower limb

F.) Pelvic Inlet

G.) Inferior thoracic aperture

Question 34

Label A-F

Answer 34

A.) Body of sternum

B.) Diaphragm

C.) Abdominal cavity

D.) Pelvic inlet

E.) Pelvic cavity

F.) Pubic symphysis

Question 35

Describe the superior thoracic aperture

Answer 35

refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

Question 36

Describe the inferior thoracic aperture.

Answer 36

The thoracic outlet is the lower opening of the thoracic cavity whose edges are the lowest ribs. It is closed by the diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Question 37

The abdominal wall assists in breathing:

It _______ during inspiration to accommodate the expansion of the thoracic cavity and the inferior displacement of the abdominal viscera during the contraction of the diaphragm.

During expiration, it ________ to assist in elevating the domes of the diaphragm, thus reducing the thoracic volume.

Answer 37

The abdominal wall assists in breathing:

It relaxes during inspiration to accommodate the expansion of the thoracic cavity and the inferior displacement of the abdominal viscera during the contraction of the diaphragm.

During expiration, it contracts to assist in elevating the domes of the diaphragm, thus reducing the thoracic volume.

Question 38

Describe the mesenteries.

Answer 38

The mesenteries – 2 layers of the mesothelium coming together, they overlap, part of the refelction of the visceral to the parietal, neurovasculature travels in the mesenteries.

Question 39

Label A-J

Answer 39

A.) Ears

B.) Orbits

C.) Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses

D.) Nares

E.) Oral Fissure

F.) Oral Cavity

G.) Oropharyngeal isthmus

H.) Choaneae

I.) Cranial Cavity

Question 40

Label A-N

Answer 40

A.) C1- (anterior arch of the atlas)

B.) Odontoid Process (Dens)

C.) C2- (body of axis)

D.) body of c3

E.) intervertebral disc

F.) body pf c7

G.) posterior arch of atlas

H.)spine of atlas

I.) Inferior Articular Process

J.) Facet Joint

K.) Superior Articular Process

L.) Posterior Wall of the Vertebral Canal

M.) Lamina

N.) Spine of C7

Question 41

Label A-F

Answer 41

A.) Hyoid Bone

B.) Condyler Process

C.) Angle of Mandible

D.) Body of Mandible

E.) earlobe

F.) Sinus