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3 - Nervous System > Anatomy - Lab 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy - Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies, axons and synapse of the UMN (higher command motorneurons) found?

A

Cell bodies in cerebral cortex (primary motor cortex located in precentral gyrus)
Extend axons that run through the internal capsule (posterior limb), midbrain (crus cerebri/cerebral peduncles), medulla (pyramid) and spinal cord
Terminate and make synapses onto LMN in brainstem motor nuclei (= corticobulbar - move muscles in head and neck) or ventral horn of spinal cord (= corticospinal - move skeletal muscle of body)

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2
Q

Where are the cell bodies, axons and synapses of lower motor neurons (effector motor neurons) found?

A

Cell bodies in brainstem motor nuclei or ventral horn of spinal cord
Extend axons out of spinal cord via ventral root and then out of CNS in spinal (PNS) to synapse on target muscles.

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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex mainly found?

A

Depth of central sulcus

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4
Q

What is the premotor area/cortex?

A

Anterior part of the precentral gyrus and extends anteriorly into the superior frontal gyrus
Planning of complex voluntary movements requiring co-ordinated movement of several muscle groups

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5
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus found?

A

Above the corpus callosum

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6
Q

Where is the paracentral lobule found?

A

Medial aspect of hemisphere - continuation of central sulcus

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7
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area found?

A

Medial surface of the hemisphere, anterior to the motor area (including paracentral lobule)

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8
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

A

Involved in programmed patterns of motor activity, but in more complex sequences than the premotor area

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9
Q

Difficulty moving the fingers could result from the occlusion of which major artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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10
Q

What does the ACA supply?

A

Toes, ankle, knee, hip, trunk, shoulder

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11
Q

MCA supplies what parts of the body?

A

Fingers, hand, neck, brow, eyelid/brow, face, lips

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12
Q

What does the PCA supply?

A

Lips, jaw, tongue, swallowing

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13
Q

Name the two major neuronal cell types.

A

Pyramidal cells

Granule (stellate) cells

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14
Q

How many layers does the cortex have?

A

6 layered cellular structure

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15
Q

What are the functional units of the cortex?

A

Cortical columns (vertical slice down through the 6 layers)

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16
Q

What shape are pyramidal cells?

A

Pyramidal (triangular) shape of their cell body

Throughout the cortex, vary in size

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17
Q

Where are the largest pyramidal cells found?

A 
Layer five (V) - in the motor cortex, these are upper motor neurons 
Axons extend out of the cortex into the white matter
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18
Q

What shape are the granule (stellate) cells?

A

Star-like shape

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19
Q

Where are the granule cells mainly found?

A

Somato-sensory cortex

Very few of them in the motor cortex (agranular cortex)

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20
Q

What does a golgi stain, stain for?

A

Whole neurons in the CNS

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21
Q

Name the different types of neurons we get.

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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22
Q

What does a nissl stain show?

A

Stains for neuronal cell bodies (staining of nucleus and ribosomes)

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23
Q

How are pyramidal and granular cells arranged?

A

Alternating layers

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24
Q

What cell is found in layer V of the cortex?

A

Special type of pyramidal cell = Betz cell

25
Q

What are Betz Cells?

A

Output neurons of the cortex

Axons are corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

26
Q

Where do the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts run in the internal capsule?

A

Posterior limb/genu

27
Q

What travels in the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Nerve fibres going to and from other brain areas

28
Q

Head in internal capsule

A

Near genu (corticobulbar tracts)

29
Q

Arm in Internal Capsule

A

More posteriorly, within posterior limb of capsule

30
Q

Leg in Internal Capsule

A

Posterior to arm and trunk, within posterior limb

31
Q

How do you differentiate the anterior limb from the posterior limb?

A

Anterior limb is shorter than posterior limb

32
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Important in controlling motor activity via its connections with the striatum

33
Q

What do the CST fibres which decussate form?

A

Form the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord

34
Q

Where do the lateral corticospinal fibres terminate?

A

Terminate on the lower motor neurons of the lateral motor column on the opposite side of where the axons originated

35
Q

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract lie/run and what forms this?

A

Remaining 15% of CST fibres stay ipsilateral
Ventral corticospinal tract runs in a mid-ventral position in the spinal cord
These fibres terminate on the LMNs of the medial motor column on both sides

36
Q

Which spinal cord level has small ventral grey horns?

A

Thoracic level - no/very few motor neurons in this region to control the limb muscles

37
Q

Which spinal cord levels have large ventral horns and why?

A

Cervical and lumbar

Majority of lower motor neurons serving the upper (cervical) and lower (lumbar) limbs are found

38
Q

Where do neurons of the lateral column lie and at what levels are they found?

A

Neurons of the lateral motor column lie within the lateral part of the ventral horn
Only present at level of cervical and lumbar enlargements of the cord

39
Q

Where are motor neurons of the medial motor column found?

A

Medial part of the ventral horn

40
Q

What muscles do the neurons of the medial motor column innervate?

A

Muscles of the axial muscles

41
Q

Which levels is the medial motor column found?

A

All spinal levels

42
Q

What type of neurons are lower motor neurons?

A

Multipolar

43
Q

Where do axons from lower motor neurons leave the spinal cord?

A

Ventral spinal roots

44
Q

Name the two main extrapyramidal motor pathways.

A

Vestibulospinal tract

Reticulospinal tract

45
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Reflex control of balance and posture, facilitating activity in extensor muscles and inhibiting flexors

46
Q

Where is the vestibulospinal tract found?

A

Originates on each side from the lateral vestibular nucleus
Inputs from semicircular canals, cerebellum and from proprioceptors of the neck muscles
Fibres descend ipsilaterally in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord

47
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract come from?

A

Originates from nuclei of the reticular formation of the pons and medulla
Mostly descends ipsilaterally

48
Q

Where does the medullary reticulospinal tract run?

A

Venterolaterally

49
Q

Where does the pontine reticulospinal tract run?

A

Venteromedially in the spinal cord

50
Q

Name the two control centres for the autonomic nervous system.

A

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

51
Q

What makes up the limbic system?

A

Septal area, cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

52
Q

What lies deep to the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

53
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotional and instinctive responses

54
Q

Where does the hypothalamus lie?

A

Anterior and inferior to the thalamus

55
Q

What separates the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

56
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Major function - CNS control of ANS

Neuronal control of hormone secretion for control of body functions

57
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive input from?

A

Limbic and olfactory centres

58
Q

Where is the reticular formation found in the open medulla and what is it made of?

A

Found above the inferior olivary nucleus

Made of cell bodies and connections

3 - Nervous System (29 decks)

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