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3 - Nervous System > Anatomy L1 and L2 > Flashcards

Anatomy L1 and L2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two major parts of the head.

A

Cranium and facial skeleton

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2
Q

How many bones make up the cranium?

A

8 bones

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3
Q

Name the bones making up the cranium.

A 
Frontal (1) 
Parietal (2) 
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Ethmoid 
Sphenoid
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4
Q

Name the sutures of the skull and where they are found.

A

Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
Sagittal - between parietal bones
Lambdoid - between parietal and occipital
Squamous - between temporal bone and parietal bone

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5
Q

What are the names of the two joints in the skull?

A

Bregma - joint between coronal and sagittal sutures

Lambda - joint between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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6
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Unfused bone in infant’s cranium - allows for growth of brain to full size

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7
Q

Name the fontanelles.

A

Anterior (frontal) fontanelle

Posterior (occipital) fontanelle

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8
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp.

A 
S - skin 
C - connective tissue (dense)
A - aponeuroses (of scalp muscles) 
L - loose connective tissue
P - periosteum
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9
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

Bony depression in the sphenoid bone

Contains the hypophyseal fossa/pituitary fossa (contains the pituitary gland)

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10
Q

What part of the temporal bone is very thick/pyramid shaped?

A

Petrous part (pyramid shaped along the ridge)

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11
Q

What is the name of the big hole in the cranium?

A

Foramen magnum

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12
Q

Name the major divisions of the brain and what they consist of.

A

Forebrain - cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon (interbrain - thalamus and hypothalamus)
Brainstem - midbrain, pons and medulla
Cerebellum
Hindbrain - pons, medulla and cerebellum

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13
Q

Which brain contains 50% of neurons?

A

Small brain

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14
Q

.What is the front of the cerebrum called?

A

Anterior (rostral)

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15
Q

What is the back part of the cerebrum called?

A

Posterior (caudal)

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16
Q

What is the top of the cerebrum called?

A

Superior (Dorsal)

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17
Q

What is the bottom part of the cerebrum called?

A

Inferior (ventral)

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18
Q

Describe the orientation of the brainstem.

A 
At an angle along the brainstem 
Superior (rostral)
Posterior (dorsal) - near the cerebellum 
Anterior (ventral)
Inferior (caudal)
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19
Q

What are gyri and sulci and what are their function?

A

Gyri = ridges
Sulci = valleys
Both present to increase the SA of the brain in order to accommodate more neurons.

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20
Q

What is the fissure called that’s found at the back of the brain?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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21
Q

Name the 5 lobes of the cerebrum.

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital 
Insular
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22
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe of cerebellum

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23
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe and temporal lobe

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24
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

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25
Q

Where is the insular lobe located?

A

Deep beneath the lateral sulcus.

Covered by portions of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.

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26
Q

What separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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27
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Joins the two hemispheres of the brain.

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28
Q

Name the parts of the corpus callosum and their function.

A

Rostrum (beak)
Genu - connecting the anterior parts of the front lobe
Body - connecting the other parts of the frontal lobe
Splenium - connects the temporal and occipital lobes

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29
Q

What are the contents of the diencephalon?

A

Pineal gland - light/dark cycles
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

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30
Q

How does the brainstem anchor the cerebellum?

A

Via three cerebellar peduncles.

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31
Q

Why is the brain said to have a tabular structure?

A

Cranium is made up of separate tables of bone

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32
Q

Describe the tabular structure of the cranium.

A

Thick outer layer of compact bone = outer layer
Middle spongy layer = diploe
Inner thin layer of compact bone = inner layer

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33
Q

Where is the bone of the cranium the thickest and thinnest?

A

Thickest at the occipital and frontal regions

Thinnest at the temporal region

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34
Q

Calvaria

A

Top part of the skull

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35
Q

What fissure is between the hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Fold of dura running down between the hemispheres

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37
Q

Name the two layers of the dura mater.

A 
Periosteal layer (adjacent to the skull)
Meningeal layer (adjacent to the arachnoid)
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38
Q

What is the name of the sinus between the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Superior saggital sinus

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39
Q

Why does the meningeal layer extend inward to form flat partitions?

A

Subdivide the cranial cavity

Limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium

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40
Q

What do the two layers of the dura separate to form?

A

Dural venous sinuses - superior sagittal sinus

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41
Q

Name the fold separating the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Falx cerebri

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42
Q

Name the fold separating the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

A

Falx cerebelli

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43
Q

Name the fold separating the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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44
Q

Which layer contains the meningeal blood vessels?

A

Periosteal layer of the dura mater

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45
Q

What is the function and composition of the grey matter?

A

Processing
Made up of cell bodies
Nucleus (CNS)
Ganglion (PNS)

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46
Q

What is the function and composition of white matter?

A

Communication

Made of axons with myelin

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47
Q

Name the three types of fibres of white matter in the brain.

A

Comissural fibres - between the hemispheres
Association fibres - within the hemisphere
Projection fibres - brain to spinal cord via internal capsule

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48
Q

What is the corpus striatum made of?

A

Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

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49
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made of?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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50
Q

What is the striatum made of?

A

Putamen and caudate nucleus

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51
Q

What is the pallidum made of?

A

Globus pallidus

52
Q

What are basal ganglia made of?

A

Corpus striatum + subthalamic nuclei + substantia nigra

53
Q

What makes up the internal capsule?

A

Fibres between the lentiform nucleus and thalamus/caudate nucleus

54
Q

Name the parts of the internal capsule

A 
Anterior limb (shorter)
Genu 
Posterior limb (longer)
55
Q

How do you distinguish the putamen from the globus pallidus?

A

Putamen is more lateral

Globus pallidus is more medial and paler

56
Q

Name the capsules found in the brain.

A 
Internal capsule 
External capsule (white matter)
Extreme capsule (white matter)
57
Q

What is the claustrum?

A

Thin layer of grey matter between the external capsule and extreme capsule

58
Q

Describe the length of the spinal cord.

A

From the foramen magnum to the 1st/2nd lumbar vertebra

59
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)

60
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Extends from the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the coccyx.

61
Q

What is the cauda equina and why is it present?

A

The collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal.
After birth the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord.

62
Q

Go over diagrams of spinal cord matter.

A

Notes

63
Q

Name the two layers of the dura mater.

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer

64
Q

What sinus is between the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Superior sagittal sinus (venous blood)

65
Q

What is the function of the middle meningeal arteries?

A

Supply blood to the dura and cranium

66
Q

Where do the middle meningeal arteries arise from?

A

External carotid artery

67
Q

What happens if the middle meningeal arteries are damaged?

A

An epidural (extradural) haematoma

68
Q

How is the arachnoid mater connected to the pia mater?

A

Fine strands of connective tissue (arachnoid trabecula)

69
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

Produces CSF

70
Q

What happens if injury occurs in the subdural space?

A

Subdural haemorrhage

71
Q

What is the function of arachnoid villi and granulations?

A

Drain CSF from the subarachnoid space into the venous sinuses

72
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Collections of arachnoid villi

73
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the pia-arachnoid meninges

74
Q

What causes meningitis and what are the symptoms?

A

Caused by virus/bacteria

Fever, headache, vomiting, stiff neck

75
Q

How do you diagnose meningitis and what is its treatment?

A

DIagnose with lumbar puncture (L3/L4)

Treat with antibiotics

76
Q

What is the difference between the meninges of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord has no periosteal layer of the dura. Only the meningeal layer of dura mater is present.

77
Q

What does the epidural space contain of the spinal meninges?

A

Fat tissue and venous plexus

78
Q

Describe the stages of blood drainage of the brain.

A

Fine veins (brain) –> pial venous plexuses –> cerebral veins –> dural venous sinuses –> internal jugular vein –> heart

79
Q

Where do the veins of the scalp drain into?

A

Drains into the dural venous sinuses via emissary veins

80
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus found?

A

Between the two layers of dura mater

81
Q

What is the function of the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Receives venous blood from the brain and scalp and CSF

82
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus lie and what sinus does it join?

A

Lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri

Joins the right transverse sinus

83
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus found?

A

Inferior margin of the falx cerebri

84
Q

Where is the straight sinus found and what sinus does it join with?

A

Within the tentorium cerebelli

Joins the left transverse sinus

85
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus found?

A

Adjacent to pituitary gland/fossa

86
Q

What does the cavernous sinus enclose?

A

Internal carotid artery

Cranial nerves III, IV, V (2 divisions) and VI

87
Q

Describe the draining of the superior and deep structures of the brain

A

Diagram in notes

88
Q

Describe the draining of the inferior structures

A

Diagram

89
Q

Why is there a danger of infection spreading from the scalp to the brain?

A

This is because of the emissary veins drain into the dural venous sinuses
The facial skin around the nose and upper lip also drain (via the opthalmic veins) to the cavernous venous sinus

90
Q

Describe what happens to the brain if interruption of blood flow occurs.

A

10s = unconsciousness
1-2min = impaired neural function
3-4 min = irreversible brain damage

91
Q

Name the dual arterial supply of the brain

A

Internal carotid arteries

92
Q

Go over the blood supply

A

diagram

93
Q

What is the function of the circle of willis?

A

To equalize blood flow to various parts of the brain

Note only 20% of people have a complete circle

94
Q

Name the vessels making up the circle of Willis

A

Anterior communicating artery joining the ACAs

Posterior communicating artery (x2) joining the ICA and PCA

95
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply (ACA)?

A

Supplies the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres (anterior 2/3 only)

96
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery (MCA) supply?

A

Almost all the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

small bit posteriorly is supplied by the PCA

97
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply?

A

Posterior 1/3 of the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
Occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, superior brainstem

98
Q

What happens during a stroke?

A

Neurological dysfunction as a result of the reduction of blood supply to the brain

99
Q

What usually causes a stroke?

A

Occlusion of a vessel by blood clot or cholesterol deposit
or
Bleeding from a ruptured vessel

100
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?

A

Depends on which blood vessels and branches are involved

101
Q

What happens if the ACA is occluded?

A

Contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral
Paralysis (two arteries) and impaired sensation
- greatest in the lower limb

102
Q

What happens if the middle cerebral artery is occluded?

A

A severe contralateral hemiplegia and impaired sensation
Most marked in the upper limb and face
Severe aphasia (if the dominant hemisphere is affected)

103
Q

What happens if the PCA is occluded?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

104
Q

Name the four ventricles of the brain.

A

Lateral (x2)
Third
Fourth

105
Q

What do the ventricles contain?

A

CSF

106
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

107
Q

How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle?

A

Via the interventricular foramen

108
Q

Where are the apertures found and what are their names/function?

A

Found in the fourth ventricle - lateral and median apertures
Allow CSF to drain from the fourth ventricle into the cisterna magna (subarachnoid space)

109
Q

Where is the CSF produced and what is its function?

A

Produced in the choroid plexuses

Protects and nourishes the brain

110
Q

State the pathway of flow of CSF.

A

1 - Lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramen
2 - 3rd ventricle into the cerebral aqueduct
3 - cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
4 - fourth ventricle via lateral and median apertures into the cisterna magna (subarachnoid space)
5 - fills the subarachnoid space to bath the external surface of the brain
6 - enters venous sinuses at arachnoid granulations (villi)

111
Q

What forms the BBB?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries

112
Q

What is the function of the BBB?

A

Selective for nutrients (glucose, essential amino acids, electrolytes)
Keeps out certain chemicals and drugs
A PROTECTIVE MECHANISM TO MAINTAIN A STABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE BRAIN
Ineffective against fats, fatty acids, oxygen and carbon dioxide

113
Q

What substances affect the brain?

A

Nicotine, alcohol, anesthetics

114
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Excessive amount of CSF in the ventricular system due to increased production of fluid or disturbances in its circulation/absorption into the venous sinuses

115
Q

What happens if the bridging veins are injured?

A

Subdural haematoma

116
Q

Where is the suprorbital margin found?

A

Ridge above the eye socket (orbit)

117
Q

Where is the supraciliary ridge found?

A

Above the supraorbital margin

118
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone found and what are its parts?

A

Found behind the eye

Greater wing, body, lesser wing

119
Q

Name the two parts of the temporal bone.

A

Squamous part

Petrous part

120
Q

Where is the mastoid process found?

A

Protrusion of temporal bone anterior

121
Q

Where is the external acoustic meatus found and what does it look like?

A

Round bit near temporal bone

122
Q

Where is the external occipital protuberance found?

A

Back surface of the occipital bone

123
Q

Which lobe is in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe

124
Q

Which lobe is in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobe

125
Q

What is in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

126
Q

What is the difference between the putamen and globus pallidus making up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen = darker, more lateral in coronal section

Globus pallidus = paler, more medial in coronal section

3 - Nervous System (29 decks)

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