Anatomy And Physiology Of The Body (bones & Joints) Flashcards
What is the point of protection in the bones for?
To help protect our vital organs in our body. For example the cranium protects our brain
What’s muscle attachment and movement for?
Bones are connected to muscles, tendons and ligaments. When muscles contract they shorten and pull on the bone.
Using tendons and ligaments
Whats the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons are muscle to bone
Ligaments are bone to bone
What does support do for the body? Aka bones
Bones give the body shape and provide a framework for the body they also support the weight of body tissue (such as muscle, fat, ligaments, tendons) without this support we’d be just be a pile of bones
What does blood production do for the body?
The skeleton contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells. There are two main types:
Red blood cells- carry oxygen
White blood cells- fights infection
Bone marrow in long bones produce red blood cells which are important for sports because oxygen is needed for muscles to function
Why are mineral storage needed for the body?
Calcium: helps bones stay strong
Phosphorus: aids in growth and maintenance
Sodium: maintains the balance of body fluids
Potassium: essentials for all body functions
What are the 3 types of ribs and where are they attached?
True ribs- attached vertebrae at the back and front of the sternum
False ribs- attached to vertebrae but at the front attached to ribs above
Floating ribs- only attached to vertebrae at the back
What’s the axial skeleton?
This is the main core of the skeleton. It’s main function is to support the body
What’s the appendicular skeleton?
These bones make our body move, help us balance and are for general support
How many bits make up the vertebrae and what are they called? (Top to bottom)
5, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
How many parts make up the sternum and what are they called? (Top to bottom)
3, manubrium, body (main part), sciphoid process.
What’s the function of long bones?
(Longer than they are wide, femur)
-Act as levers for movement and support
-Responsible for production of blood cells
What’s the function of irregular bones?
(Complex shaped, vertebrae)
-Protection of vital organs
-provide a place for muscle attachment
What’s the function of short bones?
(Small cube shaped bones, carpals and tarsals)
Designed for strength and weight bearing
What’s the function of flat bones?
(Thin, flattened, slightly curved bones, sternum-chest)
-Protect vital organs
-a place for muscle attachment
What’s the function of sesamoid bones?
-(Very specialised function and usually found within a tendon patella - in the knee joint)
-Reduce friction across a joint
What are fixed joints?
-immovable
-these joints don’t move
e.g cranium
What is slightly moveable joints
-cartilaginous Joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage
-these joints allow for only a little movement
e.g erector spinae
What are freely moveable joints?
-These are freely moveable joints
-most of the joints in the body are of the synovial type
-there are 6 types of synovial joints you need to know
What is flexion?
-bending at a joint
-examples are at the elbow and the knees
What is extension?
-straightening of a joint (opposite of each other)
-examples are at the elbow and knees
What is adduction?
-Is movement towards the midline of the body
-think of adding to the body: ADDuction
-example are the shoulder and hips
What is abduction?
-movement away from the midline of the body
-your limb is being abducted by an alien- taken away
-examples are hip and shoulder
What is rotation?
-the limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed point towards or away from the midline of the body
-examples Turning your head (rotation of the neck)
What is circumduction?
-movement of a limb in a circle- a combination in a sequence of movement of flexion,extension,abduction and adduction
-CIRCle, CIRCumduction
-examples hips and shoulder
What is the location and type of movement for ball and socket joint?
-shoulder-scapula+humerous
-hip-pelvis+femur
-flexion
-extension
-abduction
-adduction
-rotation
-circumduction
What’s the location and type of movement of the hinge joints?
Knee-femur + tibia/fibula
Elbow-humerous+radius/ulna
Ankle-tibia,fibula+tarsals
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
What is the location and type of movement for pivot?
Neck- erector spinae
Rotation
Whats the location and the type of movements of the gliding joint?
Hands-carpals
Feet-tarsals
Trunk-erector spinae
Flexion
Extension
Lateral rotation
What’s the location and types of movement for condyloid joint?
Wrist-carpals+radius/ulna
Flexion
Extension
What’s the location and types of movement for the saddle?
Thumb-carpals+phalanges
Flexion
Extension
What is cartilage in the human skeleton?
-Covers end of bone
-strong durable material
-acts as a shock absorber prevents damage to the ends of the bone over human life time
What is articular/ hyaline cartilage?
-known as articular cartilage found in articulating surfaces of bones.
-helps ensure smooth supple actions between joint surfaces.
-protects bones ones in the joint from wear and tear.
-acts as a shock absorber, absorbs stress provides support, helps reduce friction between articulating bones.
-also found in the trachea, bronchi.
What is plantarflexion?
-Bending the foot downwards away from the tibia and knee.
-think plant in the ground, PLANTarflexion
-only occurs at the ankle
What is dorsiflexion?
-bending the foot upward towards the tibia and knee
-only occurs at the ankle
What is elevation?
-movement of a body part upwards.
-think ELEVATe to lift up, ELEVATion lifting.
-example shrugging shoulders.
what’s depression?
-movement of a body part downwards.
-example is bring your shoulders back down.
What are some benefits of ligaments aka tough?
-Bone to bone.
-tough.
-slightly elastic.
-stabilise joints during movements.
-prevents dislocation.
-absorbs shock.
-maintain posture and movement.
What are some benefits of tendons aka strong?
-muscle to bone.
-strong.
-elastic.
-allows muscle to pull on a bone to move it.
What is tendons at a joint (probably a repeat but do anyway)?
-Joins muscle to bone.
-strong durable, and slightly elastic material.
-absorbs pressure when moving dynamically.
What is role of connective tissue?
-provide a structure and support at the joint.
-joins/ lashes bone together at a joint-ligament.
-protects the bones meeting at the joint- cartilage.
-connects muscle to bone to create movement-tendons.
What is fibrocartilage?
-found in tendons and vertebral discs (vertebrae).
-contains collagen fibres.
-tough acts as a shock absorber.
What is elastic cartilage?
-flexible tissue which gives support, found in the external part of the ear and epiglottis.
What is ligaments at a joint (probably a repeat anyway)?
-joins bone to bone.
-strong durable material keeping joint stable.
-helps provide support during dynamic movement.
