Anatomy And Physiology Of The Body (bones & Joints)

Question 1

What is the point of protection in the bones for?

Answer 1

To help protect our vital organs in our body. For example the cranium protects our brain

Question 2

What’s muscle attachment and movement for?

Answer 2

Bones are connected to muscles, tendons and ligaments. When muscles contract they shorten and pull on the bone.
Using tendons and ligaments

Question 3

Whats the difference between tendons and ligaments?

Answer 3

Tendons are muscle to bone
Ligaments are bone to bone

Question 4

What does support do for the body? Aka bones

Answer 4

Bones give the body shape and provide a framework for the body they also support the weight of body tissue (such as muscle, fat, ligaments, tendons) without this support we’d be just be a pile of bones

Question 5

What does blood production do for the body?

Answer 5

The skeleton contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells. There are two main types:
Red blood cells- carry oxygen
White blood cells- fights infection
Bone marrow in long bones produce red blood cells which are important for sports because oxygen is needed for muscles to function

Question 6

Why are mineral storage needed for the body?

Answer 6

Calcium: helps bones stay strong
Phosphorus: aids in growth and maintenance
Sodium: maintains the balance of body fluids
Potassium: essentials for all body functions

Question 7

What are the 3 types of ribs and where are they attached?

Answer 7

True ribs- attached vertebrae at the back and front of the sternum
False ribs- attached to vertebrae but at the front attached to ribs above
Floating ribs- only attached to vertebrae at the back

Question 8

What’s the axial skeleton?

Answer 8

This is the main core of the skeleton. It’s main function is to support the body

Question 9

What’s the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 9

These bones make our body move, help us balance and are for general support

Question 10

How many bits make up the vertebrae and what are they called? (Top to bottom)

Answer 10

5, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccy

Question 11

How many parts make up the sternum and what are they called? (Top to bottom)

Answer 11

3, manubrium, body (main part), sciphoid process.

Question 12

What’s the function of long bones?

Answer 12

(Longer than they are wide, femur)
-Act as levers for movement and support
-Responsible for production of blood cells

Question 13

What’s the function of irregular bones?

Answer 13

(Complex shaped, vertebrae)
-Protection of vital organs
-provide a place for muscle attachment

Question 14

What’s the function of short bones?

Answer 14

(Small cube shaped bones, carpals and tarsals)
Designed for strength and weight bearing

Question 15

What’s the function of flat bones?

Answer 15

(Thin, flattened, slightly curved bones, sternum-chest)
-Protect vital organs
-a place for muscle attachment

Question 16

What’s the function of sesamoid bones?

Answer 16

-(Very specialised function and usually found within a tendon patella - in the knee joint)
-Reduce friction across a joint

Question 17

What are fixed joints?

Answer 17

-immovable
-these joints don’t move
e.g cranium

Question 18

What is slightly moveable joints

Answer 18

-cartilaginous Joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage
-these joints allow for only a little movement
e.g erector spinae

Question 19

What are freely moveable joints?

Answer 19

-These are freely moveable joints
-most of the joints in the body are of the synovial type
-there are 6 types of synovial joints you need to know

Question 20

What is flexion?

Answer 20

-bending at a joint
-examples are at the elbow and the knees

Question 21

What is extension?

Answer 21

-straightening of a joint (opposite of each other)
-examples are at the elbow and knees

Question 22

What is adduction?

Answer 22

-Is movement towards the midline of the body
-think of adding to the body: ADDuction
-example are the shoulder and hips

Question 23

What is abduction?

Answer 23

-movement away from the midline of the body
-your limb is being abducted by an alien- taken away
-examples are hip and shoulder

Question 24

What is rotation?

Answer 24

-the limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed point towards or away from the midline of the body
-examples Turning your head (rotation of the neck)

Question 25

What is circumduction?

Answer 25

-movement of a limb in a circle- a combination in a sequence of movement of flexion,extension,abduction and adduction
-CIRCle, CIRCumduction
-examples hips and shoulder

Question 26

What is the location and type of movement for ball and socket joint?

Answer 26

-shoulder-scapula+humerous
-hip-pelvis+femur

-flexion
-extension
-abduction
-adduction
-rotation
-circumduction

Question 27

What’s the location and type of movement of the hinge joints?

Answer 27

Knee-femur + tibia/fibula
Elbow-humerous+radius/ulna
Ankle-tibia,fibula+tarsals

Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension

Question 28

What is the location and type of movement for pivot?

Answer 28

Neck- erector spinae

Rotation

Question 29

Whats the location and the type of movements of the gliding joint?

Answer 29

Hands-carpals
Feet-tarsals
Trunk-erector spinae

Flexion
Extension
Lateral rotation

Question 30

What’s the location and types of movement for condyloid joint?

Answer 30

Wrist-carpals+radius/ulna

Flexion
Extension

Question 31

What’s the location and types of movement for the saddle?

Answer 31

Thumb-carpals+phalanges

Flexion
Extension

Question 32

What is cartilage in the human skeleton?

Answer 32

-Covers end of bone
-strong durable material
-acts as a shock absorber prevents damage to the ends of the bone over human life time

Question 33

What is articular/ hyaline cartilage?

Answer 33

-known as articular cartilage found in articulating surfaces of bones.
-helps ensure smooth supple actions between joint surfaces.
-protects bones ones in the joint from wear and tear.
-acts as a shock absorber, absorbs stress provides support, helps reduce friction between articulating bones.
-also found in the trachea, bronchi.

Question 34

What is plantarflexion?

Answer 34

-Bending the foot downwards away from the tibia and knee.
-think plant in the ground, PLANTarflexion
-only occurs at the ankle

Question 35

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 35

-bending the foot upward towards the tibia and knee
-only occurs at the ankle

Question 36

What is elevation?

Answer 36

-movement of a body part upwards.
-think ELEVATe to lift up, ELEVATion lifting.
-example shrugging shoulders.

Question 37

what’s depression?

Answer 37

-movement of a body part downwards.
-example is bring your shoulders back down.

Question 38

What are some benefits of ligaments aka tough?

Answer 38

-Bone to bone.
-tough.
-slightly elastic.
-stabilise joints during movements.
-prevents dislocation.
-absorbs shock.
-maintain posture and movement.

Question 39

What are some benefits of tendons aka strong?

Answer 39

-muscle to bone.
-strong.
-elastic.
-allows muscle to pull on a bone to move it.

Question 40

What is tendons at a joint (probably a repeat but do anyway)?

Answer 40

-Joins muscle to bone.
-strong durable, and slightly elastic material.
-absorbs pressure when moving dynamically.

Question 41

What is role of connective tissue?

Answer 41

-provide a structure and support at the joint.
-joins/ lashes bone together at a joint-ligament.
-protects the bones meeting at the joint- cartilage.
-connects muscle to bone to create movement-tendons.

Question 42

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 42

-found in tendons and vertebral discs (vertebrae).
-contains collagen fibres.
-tough acts as a shock absorber.

Question 43

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 43

-flexible tissue which gives support, found in the external part of the ear and epiglottis.

Question 44

What’s ligaments are the joint?

Answer 44

-joins bone to bone.
-strong durable material keeping joint stable.
-helps provide support during dynamic movement.