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Hematology And Oncology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytes: purpose of large surface area to volume ratio

A

Rapid gas exchange

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2
Q

Erythrocytes life span

A

120 days

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3
Q

Erythrocytes source of energy

A

Glucose: 90% glycolysis, 10% HMP shunt

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4
Q

erythrocyte - Membrane antiporter

A

cl-/hco3-

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5
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Polycythemia

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6
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Varying shapes

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7
Q

Reticulocytes - definition/reflects to

A

immature RBCs

Erythroid proliferation

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8
Q

Platelets involved in

A

1o hemostasis

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9
Q

Platelets life span

A

8-10 days

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10
Q

Platelets interacts with other platelets by…..to form ..

A

Fibrinogen

Platelet plug

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11
Q

Platelets types of granules (and what they contain)

A 
Desne granules (ADP, Ca2+)
a granules (vwf, Fibrinogen, fibronectin)
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12
Q

Platelets dense granules contain

A

ADP

Ca2+

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13
Q

Platelets a granules

A

vwf
Fibrinogen
fibronectin

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14
Q

1/3 of platelets is stored in

A

The spleen

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15
Q

Vwf receptor on platelets

A

GpIb

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16
Q

Fibrinogen receptor on platelets

A

GpIIb/IIIa

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17
Q

Leukocytes are divided to

A 
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Mononuclear cells (monocytes, lymphocytes)
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18
Q

Leukocytes count

A

4000-10000

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19
Q

Leukocytes groups proportions

A 
Neutrophils 54-62%
Lymphocytes 25-33
Monocytes 3-7
Eosinophils 1-3
Basophils 0-0,75
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20
Q

Acute inflammation respond cells

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Neutrophils kind of granules

A 
Specific granules 
Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
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22
Q

Neutrophile specific granules contain

A

ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin

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23
Q

Neutrophils azurophilic granules (lysosomes) contain

A

Proteinases, acid phosphates, myeloperoxidase, β-glucuronidase

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24
Q

Increased nutrophil band cells (immatures neutrophils) reflects states of

A

Increased myeloid proliferation (bact infection, CML)

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25
Q

Important neutrophil chemotactic agents

A
  1. C5a 2. IL-8. 3. LTB-4. 4. Kallikrein 5. Platelet-activating factor
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26
Q

Plasma cell cancer

A

Multiple myeloma

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27
Q

Plasma cells histological features

A
  1. Clock face chromatin distribution
  2. Abundant RER
  3. Well developed Golgi apparatus
  4. eccentric nucleus
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28
Q

Monocytes histological features

A
  1. Large kidney-shaped nucleus

2. Extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm

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29
Q

Macrophages phagocytose:

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Cellular debris
  3. Senescent RBCs
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30
Q

Macrophage are activatd by

A

γ-interferon

31
Q

Macrophage can function also as …. via …..

A

Antigen presenting cell

MHC II

32
Q

Macrophage are important components of

A

Granuloma formation

33
Q

Macrophages-septic shock

A

Lipid A from bacterial LPC binds CD14 on macrophages to initiate septic shock

34
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

A 
Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergic reaction 
Chronic adrenal insufficiency 
Parasites (invasive)
35
Q

Eosinophils histological features

A
  1. Bilobate nucleus

2. Large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

36
Q

Eosinophils actions

A
  1. Defense against helminthic infections (MBP)

2. Highly phagocytic for antigen antibody complexes

37
Q

Eosinophils produce

A
  1. Histaminase

2. Major basic protein (helminthotoxin)

38
Q

Basophilic - staining readily by

A

Basic stains

39
Q

Basophilia

A

Uncommon. Myeloproliferative disease (particularly CML)

40
Q

Basophil actiom

A

Mediates allergic reaction

41
Q

Basophilic granules

A

Densely basophilic.. Contain heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator)

42
Q

Basophils synthesize and release

A

Leukotrienes

43
Q

Mast cell appearance of granules

A

Basophilic

44
Q

IgE cross links, upon antigen binding, causing degranulation, which releases

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Heparin
  3. Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
  4. tryptase
45
Q

It prevents mast cell degranulation

A

Cromolyn sodium

46
Q

Dendritic cells express … in their surface

A

MCH II

Fc receptors

47
Q

Lymphocytes types and appearance (and type of immunity)

A
  • B T (adaptive)
  • NK (innate)
    Round, densely staining with small amount of pale cytoplasm
48
Q

B cell can function as an APC via

A

MCH II

49
Q

Mature B cells origin/migrates to

A

origin: stem cells of bone marrow –> migrates to peripiphera lymphoid tissue:
1. Follicles of lymph nobes
2. White pulp of spleen
3. Unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

50
Q

The majority of circulating cells are

A

T cells 80%

51
Q

T cell markers

A

CD3 CD4

CD3 CD8

52
Q

B cell markers

A

CD 19 20 21

53
Q

CD 28

A

Constitutional signal necessary for T cell activation

54
Q

Types of T cells

A
  1. CD4
  2. CD8
  3. Regulatory T cells
55
Q

Erythrocytes shape

A

Anucleate and biconcave, lacks of organelles, with large surface to volume area ratio

56
Q

Hypersegment polys neutrophils - definition/seen in

A

nucleus has 6+ lobes

  1. Vit b12
  2. Folate deficiency
57
Q

Cromolyn sodium is used for

A

Asthma prophylaxis

58
Q

Dendritic cell links between

A

Innate and adaptive immune system

59
Q

Dendritic cells in skin

A

Langerhans

60
Q

B cells participate in

A

Humoral innate immune response

61
Q

T cells mediates …

A

Cellular immune response

62
Q

Platelet activation by

A

endothelial injury

63
Q

Erythrocytosis vs Poikilocytosis vs anisocytosis

A

Erythrocytosis –> Polycythemia
Poikilocytosis –> Varying shapes
anisocytosis –> varying sizes

64
Q

Reticulocutes - staining (everything)

A

Bluish color on Wright-Giemsa stain of reticulocytes represents residual ribosomal RNA

65
Q

thromboyctes (platelets) structure

A

small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes

66
Q

platelets are activated by

A

endothelial injury

67
Q

thrmobocytopenia or low platelets function results in

A

petechiae

68
Q

neutrophils are increased in

A

bacterial infection

69
Q

monocytes - fate

A

differentiates into macrophages in tissues

70
Q

Macrophages - duration of life

A

long life in tissues

71
Q

Mast cells vs Basophilic according to origin

A

same precursor but are not the same type

72
Q

When antigen is encountered, B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells and memory cells

73
Q

T cells - origin

A

from stem cells in bone marrow –> matures in thymus

74
Q

plasma cells are found in

A

bone marrow

–> normally do not circulate in peripheral blood

Hematology And Oncology (21 decks)

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