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AY Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

When the pericardial cavity fills with blood and the pressure around the heart can prevent cardiac contraction

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2
Q

What invisible layer covers the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Epicardium

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3
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

Drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

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4
Q

Where and how is the needle inserted in pericardiocentesis?

A

Needle inserted via imfrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously

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5
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

What direction does cardiomegaly shift the apex?

A

Left

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7
Q

What does the right coronary groove indicate?

A

Surface marking for the tricuspid valve

Boundary between right atrium and right ventricle

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8
Q

What vessels are found on the right side of the heart?

A 
Right common carotid artery 
Right subclavian artery 
Brachiocephalic trunk 
Right pulmonary arteries 
Right pulmonary veins 
SVC 
IVC 
Right brachiocephalic vein   
Right jugular vein
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9
Q

Vessels found on the left side of the heart?

A 
Left common carotid artery 
Left vagus nerve 
Left subclavian artery 
Left phrenic nerve 
Left BCV 
Left pulmonary artery 
Left pulmonary veins 
Branching of left coronary artery (LAD)
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10
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Short venous conduit
(In atrioventricular groove posteriorly)
Which receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

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11
Q

What are the branches of the left (main stem coronary artery)?

A

Circumflex artery
LAD
Left marginal artery
Lateral (diagonal) branch

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12
Q

Where do th coronary arteries arise from?

A

The ascending aorta

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13
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Right marginal artery

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14
Q

What life threatening problem does a septal defect cause?

A

Mixing of arterial and venous blood
This reduces the oxygen content of systemic arterial blood in the aorta
(Hypoxaemia)

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15
Q

What is the tricuspid valve between?

A

Right atrium & right atrium

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16
Q

What is the aortic valve between?

A

Left ventricle & the aorta

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17
Q

What is the mitral valve in between?

A

Left atrium & left ventricle

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18
Q

What is the pulmonary valve between?

A

Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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19
Q

Why do you not auscultate valves over where they actually are?

A

Can’t hear through bone

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20
Q

Where do you auscultate the aortic valve?

A

2nd right ICS sternal edge

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21
Q

Where do you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd left ICS sternal edge

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22
Q

Where do you auscultate the mitral valve?

A

5th left ICS midclavicular line

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23
Q

Where do you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

A

5/6th left ICS sternal edge

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24
Q

What are the 2 most common valvular abnormalities encountered clinically?

A

Aortic stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

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25
Q

What causes the sound in a murmur?

A

Turbulent blood flow

26
Q

When a valve is incompetent what does this mean?

A

Doesn’t close properly
“Leaky”
(Can’t adequately supply tissues/organs with oxygenated blood)

27
Q

If a valve is stenosis what does this mean?

A

Not opening properly
“Tight”
Causes back pressure behind them and can lead to heart failure

28
Q

What is haemopericardium?

A

When the pericardial cavity fills with blood

29
Q

How do the sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferent nerves reach the heart?

A

Via cardiac plexus

30
Q

What is the presynaptic neurotransmitter in sympathetic stimulation?

A

Acetyl choline

31
Q

What is the post synaptic neurotransmitter in sympathetic nerves?

A

Noradrenaline

32
Q

Where do presynaptic nerve fibres leave the spinal cord to innervates the heart?

A

T1 to L2/3

33
Q

What is the cranial nerve that supplies the heart?

A

CNX - vagus nerve

34
Q

What is the presynaptic neurotransmitter in parasympathetic nerve fibres?

A

Acetyl choline

35
Q

What is the post synaptic neurotransmitter in parasympathetic nerve fibres?

A

Acetyl choline

36
Q

What do post synaptic cardiac sympathetic efferent and cardiac visceral afferent travel in to reach heart?

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchic nerve

37
Q

Where are visceral afferent nerve endings found in the heart?

A 
Inner aortic arch 
Pulmonary trunk 
Around the SA node 
Outflow tracts from both ventricles
Papillary muscles 
Vena Cavae
38
Q

Muscle causes of sharp chest pain?

A

Pectoral is major or intercostal muscle strain

39
Q

Joint causes of sharp central chest pain?

A

Dislocated costochondral joint

Slipped thoracic intervertebral disc

40
Q

Diseases of the parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium that can causes sharp central chest pain?

A

Pleurisy

Pericarditis

41
Q

Which arteries supply the inter ventricular septum?

A

LAD

Posterior inter ventricular artery

42
Q

Where is the thymus found?

A

Anterior mediastinum

43
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Produces T lymphocytes in childhood then becomes adipose tissue after puberty

44
Q

What does the azygous vein do?

A

Take blood from intercostal veins to SVC

45
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

Carry lymph to the left venous angle

46
Q

What superior branches come off the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk (right)
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

47
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right venous angle

48
Q

What nerve passes through the diaphragm with the IVC?

A

Right phrenic nerve

49
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum the remnant of?

A

Ductus Arteriosus

50
Q

What is the arrangement of nerves in the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial?

A

Phrenic nerves
Vagus nerves
Recurrent laryngeal nerves

51
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?

A

Right subclavian artery

Right common carotid artery

52
Q

What 3 veins drain into the SVC?

A

Right subclavian vein
Right internal jugular vein
Left brachiocephalic vein

53
Q

Do the recurrent laryngeal nerves enter the chest?

A

No

54
Q

What do the recurrent laryngeal nerves supply?

A

The larynx

55
Q

What are the phrenic nerves formed from?

A

Combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 3, 4, & 5

56
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply somatic motor innervation to?

A

The diaphragm

57
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply somatic sensory innervation to?

A

Mediastinal parietal pleura
Fibrous pericardium
Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
Diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum

58
Q

What does the vagus nerve provide somatic sensory innervation for?

A

Laryngopharynx & larynx

59
Q

What does the vagus nerve provide somatic motor innervation for?

A

Pharynx and larynx

60
Q

What does the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation for?

A

Thoracic and abdominal organs

61
Q

What are the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the pharynx and larynx

62
Q

Why does gallbladder/liver pain refer to the shoulder?

A

Irritates parietal peritoneum
Which is supplied by phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
Supraclavicular nerves (C3, 4) supply dermatome son tip of shoulder

AY Cardiovascular (28 decks)

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