Anatomy

Question 1

From which artery does the sphenopalatine artery arise?

Answer 1

The maxillary artery

external carotid artery –> maxillary artery –> sphenopalatine artery

Question 2

What artery is responsible for the most serious, posterior nose bleeds and is known as the artery of epistaxis?

Answer 2

the sphenopalatine artery

Question 3

Name and describe the branching of the artery just behind (posterior to) the knee joint.

Answer 3

The popliteal artery. This artery is a continuation of the femoral artery, and branches/divides to form the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. The dorsalis pedis artery, whose palpation gives the dorsalis pedis pulse, is an extension of the anterior tibial artery.

Question 4

What chamber forms the posterior wall of the heart?

Answer 4

The left atrium

Question 5

If the left atrium were enlarged, on what structure would it press?

Answer 5

The anterior wall of the esophagus. The esophagus passes immediately posterior to the heart, with only the pericardium separating them.

Question 6

Auscultation of a systolic murmur in the left fourth and fifth intercostal spaces that radiates to the left axilla would be indicative of what?

Answer 6

Mitral regurgitation

Question 7

List the sympathetic effects of the baroreceptor reflex

Answer 7

Sympathetic stimulation via the baroreceptor relfex is aimed at restoring blood pressure that is too low to normal.
Sympathetic stimulation to the heart leads to:
-increased myocardial contractility
-increased conduction velocity
-increased HR

Additionally, sympathetic stimulation leads to constriction of nearly all the arterioles of the body, increasing the total peripheral resistance

Finally, sympathetic stimulation leads to the constriction of large veins, which increases the venous return to the heart, causing the heart to pump increased amounts of blood

Question 8

During which phase of the ECG is the Na+ conductance most likely the greatest?

Answer 8

QRS interval

(Phase ) of the cardiac muscle action potential corresponds to the opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a transient but large increase in the sodium conductance. The shape of the QRS complex is determined by the spread of the combined phase 0 (depolarizations) of all the ventricular muscle of the heart.

Question 9

What is the orientation/position of the femoral vessels and nerve?

Answer 9

Going lateral to medial:

Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty space
Lymphatics 

(NAVEL)

Question 10

What structure forms the floor of the orbit?

Answer 10

The roof of the maxillary sinus