anaesthetics Flashcards
who said that it wasn’t the governments job to get involved with social problems
bentham
who said that it was the governments responsibility to get involved with social problems
chadwick
what happened by the year 1899
thousands of volunteers were too sick to serve in the Boer war.
what were some of the biggest changes due to population growth in the 19th century industrial era
by 1851 more people lived in towns than countryside
more people worked in industry than agriculture
industry became richer than landownership
workers were treated badly with long hours for low wages
what was the population in 1801 and 1901 and this was a rise of how much
1801- 16.3 million
1901- 41.6million
increase of 25.3 million
what was Louis Pasteur the first person to do
establish the link between germs and disease.
what was Louis Pasteur known as
the father of microbiology
what did Louis Pasteur argue
that micro organisms were responsible for disease and if only we could discover these microorganisms then a vaccine could be developed to specifically target the disease. He called them germs
what could Louis Pasteur do
develop effective vaccines to target specific diseases
what did Louis Pasteur’s first work on chicken cholera lead to and in what year
his first work on chicken cholera led to an effective vaccine against rabies
what process did louis pasteur invent
pasteurisation
what is the process of pasteurisation
a process which preserved liquids to stop them from spoiling
what was Robert Koch able to do in the laboratory
he was able to link particular germs to particular diseases
in what year did Robert Koch identify the specific bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria) that caused tuberculosis
1882
in what years did Robert Koch identify the specific bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria) responsible for cholera and whose work from which year did this confirm
identified cholera bacillus in 1883 and 1884 confirming the work of John Snow in Britain in 1854
who developed a way to stain bacteria so they were easier to identify under a microscope
Robert Koch
After Koch discovered a way to stain bacteria, him and his students isolated the causes of many diseases such as …..
diptheria, cholera, typhoid, anthrax, pneumonia, plague, tetanus and whooping cough all of which were major killer diseases in Britain
what effective treatment did Paul Erlich discover what was its name when was it discovered and what was it called
Salvarson 606 developed in 1910
was an effective treatment for syphilis
why is it called Salvarsan 606
becasue it was the 606th drug Paul Erlich and his colleagues used to try to kill the germs causing syphalis
salvarson 606 was the first of what
what became known as ‘magic bullets’
what are ‘magic bullets’
carefully designed drugs targeting the specific germs causing that illness and having little or no effect on any other part of the body
what were the number of babies that died before their first birthday in Britain in 1899
142/1000
how many babies died before their first birthday in York
250/1000
what year did the stethoscope become widely used after
1850
when was the first x-ray machine invented
1895
what were held as scientists realising the importance of observation
first clinical trials
from what year onwards was there better knowledge of tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever
1850 onwards
how did technology improve medicine
machines were invented to make tablets, sugar coated pills and even gelatine capsules this allowed accurate doses of medicine to be given and themass production of drugs
what was Mrs Beeton’s Book, The book of household management published
1861
what did Mrs Beetons Book recommend everyone should have in their cupboards
recommended that every household should have opium powders and laudanum (90% alcohol, 10% opium) in their cupboards
why was Laudanum often given to children
to help them sleep or to keep them quiet
when did Aspirin go on sale in Britain as an every day painkiller
1899
which chemist began in the 19th century, making medicines
Boots the chemist
What year did Thomas Beecham open his first factory and what did it make
1859 and it made cold powders
what was a major ingredient in some medicines and what did others contain
Alcohol was a major ingredient and some contained arsenic and mercury, both are poisonous
other medicines were addictive and contained large amounts of what
large amounts of cocaine and opium as their active ingredient — very addictive
what were mortality rates before the 19th century during surgeries and what were they down to by the end
before the 19th century mortality rates were as high as 40% during surgeries
by the end of the 19th century they were down to 10%
who came up with nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
Sir Humphrey Davy
who succesfully amputated a leg using ether
Robert Liston
the use of nitrous oxide as a recreational drug became an immediate success in what year
1799
what was nitrous oxide used for
used to relieve pain in operations
when did Sir Humphrey Davy publish his findings about nitrous oxide
1800
what were some problems with nitrous oxide
difficult to control dosage
hard to inhale and caused vomiting
sometimes the patient would wake up during the operation
it could ignite
what were some problems with ether
caused coughs and vomiting
ether was flammable and induced semi-commas
who created chloroform
James Simpson
chloroform was used in which year after James Simpson did what
used in 1847 after experimenting on himself and his friends to reduce pain in childbirth.
what did chloroform cause in patients
dizziness, sleepiness and unconsciousness in patients and needs to be carefully administrated
what anaesthetic did Queen Victoria use in childbirth and in what year
she used chloroform in childbirth in 1853
drawbacks of chloroform
had to be inhaled
people objected to the use of these painkillers as being unnatural
Some surgeons had higher death rates using chloroform so stopped using it in the 1970s
give an example of a death when using chloroform
Hannah Greener died aged 14 when using chloroform in a procedure for an ingrown toenail, chloroform gave heart issues so this could be what happened to her
when were coca leaves from South America used to make cocaine
in the 1850’s
what was cocaine used for
it was dropped into the eyes as a local anaesthetic
when did the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic dramatically increase
after 1891 when it was chemically made
drawbacks of cocaine
had to be given in careful doses
cocaine was addictive
when was cocaine first used
1884
when was nova-cocaine used
1905
what were some downsides to anaesthetics
hard to get the dosage correct and infections were still a problem
what did contagionists believe
believed that infection was spread from contact with infected people
who invited his friends round to his house to inhale gas and which gas was it
Sir Humphrey Davy invited his friends around to his house to inhale nitrous oxide
what was the biggest killer in surgery
sepsis infection an infection caught during an operation
what was sepsis infection also known as
hospital gangrene
Joseph Lister based his findings on experimentation and observation of what
procedures done on frogs
who was the boy that Joseph Lister later based his findings on experimentation and observation of procedures on
a boy called Jamie Greenlees who had a broken leg
who first started using carbolic acid
Joseph Lister
what did Joseph Lister use carbolic acid on
started to use an operating room sterilised with carbolic acid
sterilised instruments with carbolic acid
soaked wounds with carbolic acid
used dressings sterilised with carbolic acid
what did Joseph Lister reduce mortality rates and over what time period
he managed to reduce mortality rates in his operations by 46% to 15% in only 3 years
in what year did Joseph Lister invent a machine that sprayed carbolic acid
1871
what was Joseph Lister known as
the father of antiseptic surgery
when did Joseph Lister publish his results
1867
what was a drawback of Joseph Lister’s work
a lot of surgeons refused to accept that they could be spreading infection
what was a drawback of carbolic acid
carbolic acid irritated the lungs and skin and was hard to prepare
when was Ignaz Semmelweiss a pioneer of antiseptic surgery
1847 before germ theory
who was in charge of the maternity ward in Vienna
Ignaz Semmelweiss
how much did Ignaz Semmelweiss reduce death rate by
35% to 1%
how did Ignaz Semmelweiss reduce death rate
by making doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride
name two people involved in antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
Ignaz Semmelweiss
Name 4 people involved in aseptic surgery
Charles Chamberland
Gustav Neuber
William Halsted
Berkeley Moyniham
who’s work did Charles chamberland follow on from
followed on from Koch’s work which showed infection was caused by contact with an infected surface
what did Charles chamberlands work which followed on from Koch’s lead to
it lead to the creation of a germ free environment in which to carry out operations to stop infections
who invented a steam steriliser for equipment and in which year
Charles Chamberland a French biologist in 1881
what did Neuber create
a sterile operating theatre where all staff had to scrub in
when did Neuber publish his ideas
in 1886
who did William Halsted ask to make him ultra thin gloves
the Goodyear Rubber Company
what did William Halsted make his team do
wear surgical clothing
who was the first briton to wear gloves
Moyniham
who always wore surgical gowns before entering the theatre
Berkely Moyniham
what was a drawback of Berkely Moyniham
people thought he was strange
what was a drawback of William Halsted
his ideas were only gradually adopted
what was a drawbcak of Charles chamberland
few surgeons used these ideas to start with
what was a drawback of Ignaz Semmelweiss
few other hospitals followed his procedures
what did Florence Nightingale do during the Crimean war
cleaned up hospital wards and cut the death rate from 40% to 2%,
what book did Florence Nightingale write after the war
‘Notes on Nursing’ and it explained how nurses could be trained and how they should treat the sick
what did Florence Nightingale set up
she set up Britain’s first nurse training school at st Thomas’ Hospital raising the £44,000 herself because she wanted to make nursing an honourable profession
when did Florence Nightingale write ‘‘notes on hospitals’
1863
what were the names of Florence Nightingales books
‘Notes on Nursing’ and ‘Notes on Hospitals’
what did Florence Nightingale’s ‘Notes on Hospitals’ set out
her ideas from running clean, safe and well ventilated hospitals
where was Florence Nightingale a head nurse
London
what did Florence Nightingale insist on in the Crimean war
insisted on fresh air and water, bandages, sheets laundered every day, soldiers have fresh food
what’s one thing florence nightingale did
reduced vermin in hospitals
what was one big long term impact that Florence Nightingale had
put pressure on the government to improve the training and recognition of nursing as a profession
In benthal Green London how long did rich people live for on average and what year was this in
in 1842 rich people lived on average to 45
in Benthal green London in 1842 how long did labourers live until
16
what percentage of children in Manchester died before their first birthday
75%
how were living conditions in around 1840’s
whole families lived in one room or in cellars liable to flooding
children shared beds
toilets and water pumps were shared by many families
back to back housing
no rubbish collections
in 1847 how many people were found sharing one room in Liverpool
40 people
what did bakers add to flour to make more money
powdered chalk
what happened to milk in order to make more of it
milk was watered down then added chalk powder to make it white again
who saw a man mix brown paint with candle wax when making chocolate
William Luby
what did William Luby also see
men sweeping up sugar from the floor to make tofee
in what year did parlaiment have to leave london
1858
what caused the great stink
exceptionally dry weather had combined with a build up of human and industrial waste and without rain to wash it into the Thames it started to fester and started to stink
what did Charles Dickens call the Thames
'’A deadly Sewer’’
when was the Great Stink in relation to Germ theory
about a decade before germ theory
what did Edwin Chadwick say that should happen with all human waste
ordered that all human waste was to be thrown into the Thames to stop miasma - didn’t hyet know about germ theory
what was a problem for young boys forced to clean chimneys
Percivall Pott an english surgeon identified scrotal cancer as a problem for these boys
what did young girls in match making factories suffer from
Phossy-jaw and brain damage
what happened with phossy-jaw and how was it caused
caused by fumes from the phosphorous and the jaw would be eaten away or glow in the dark
what lung disease did coal miners have
pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling dust
what happened in textile factory machinery
had no guards so arms were often caught in machines
no compensation or chance of further work
in what year did Prince Albert die of typhoid
1861
where did Prince Albert catch typhoid from
caught from the sewers of Windsor castle
name some other diseases that spread rapidly in the mid 19th century
typhoid, typhus, diarrhoea, smallpox, tuberculosis, scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles and chicken pox
what was commonly known as the ‘‘English disease’’
Rixkets
what was rickets caused by
a lack of fresh calcium, fresh air and sunlight-p so many worked in mines
cholera was the biggest killer with epidemics in which years
1831-1832
1848
1854
1866
how many people were killed by the Great Plague
100,000
what did people still think cholera was caused by at first
miasma
how many uk deaths were there from cholera in the 1831-32 epidemic
50,000
how many uk deaths were there from cholera in the 1848 epidemic
60,000
how many uk deaths were there from cholera in the 1854 epidemic
20,000
in what year did John Snow publish a book arguing that cholera was spread by dirty water rather than bad air
1849
how many people died in the first 10 days of the 1854 outbreak
700 people died in his locality
what water pump were most of the cholera deaths surrounding
the one in Broad street
what did John Snow notice about the men in the local brewery
men in a nearby brewery who just drank beer had not caught cholera
the spread of cholera in the area stopped when John Snow did what?
when he removed the pump handle of the water pump
what was discovered about the pump on Broad street
there was a cess pit less than 1 metre away from the pump and it was leaking into the water supplies
what did John Snow’s discoveries help influence
the Public Health Act of 1875 and Sanitary Act of 1866
what was the population of manchester is 1750 compared to 1850
1750- 17,000
1850- 1/3 of a million
what area of england was coal plentiful in
north west
what is one of the oldest factories in manchester
murry mills
what did William Farr do in 1837
helped make births deaths and marraige registers compulsory
what did William Farr’s registers do
showed average age of death
gave evidence
when was Thomas Southwood Smith appointed a physician to the London Fever Hospital
1824
what did Thomas Southwood Smith do
studied diseases caused by poverty and papers he published on public health provided examples and data- record causes of death and go to government
what did Edwin Chadwick believe in
miasma
Edwin Chadwick was a secretary to the poor Law Commisioners from what year
1834
what did Edwin Chawdick use statistical evidence to do
explore the link between ill-health and poverty
what was the name of the book Edwin Chadwick wrote from 1842
Report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population
what did Edwin Chadwick’s book ‘Report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population’ make the link between
made the link between poor living conditions, disease and life expectancy
who were the driving force behind the setting up of Health of Towns Association in 1844 and part of what became known as the ‘‘clean party’’
Southwood Smith and Edwin Chadwick
who was the ‘‘Clean Party’’
were those pushing for govermnt action to improve conditions in towns
why did people in the government want the ‘‘clean party’’ set up
because if government helped people then
stronger people- can work longer and harder- for factory work
wanted strong people for WW1
who were the ‘‘Dirty Party’’
the party that opposed the clean party who wanted governments to improve conditions in towns
who were members of the dirty party and why
opposed clean party cos of high costs involved
wealthy apposed it because they paid higher taxes-didn’t want change as it was expensive
rich parliament didn’t want to spend money on the poor - higher taxes
when did Thomas Barnardo train as a doctor in London
1866
in which area of London did Thoma Barnardo see the most poverty
East End
what schools did Thomas Barnardo set up
'’Ragged schools’’
what were there at ragged schools
hungry kids given cheap breakfast
evening classes and suday schools
wood-chopping brigade and a city messengers brigade
Factory Girls’ club and institute to support girls
taught skills to be maid or servent
fresh air fund and a childrens holiday fund
schemes to send boys to Canada or Auatralia as farm workers
what did the city messengers brigade (part of ragged schools) help boys do
help boys find work
where were ‘‘ragged school’’ kids helped to find work at
find work locally at Bryant and May’s match factory or the Tate and Lyle Sugar refinery
what did the ‘‘Fresh Air Fund’’ and a ‘‘Children’s Country Holiday Fund’’ do
provide an escape for the poor children
what did the East End of London look like when Barnardo lived there
poorest places- slum cramped, dirty and stinking filthy streets 1000's crammed together dozens to a room disease and criminals ran riots
what happened with Jim Jarvis and Thomas Barnardo
Jim wanted to stay at school - had no mum or dad or home - took Barnardo to a roof top where homeless boys were all huddled together
what did Barnardo do after the Jim Jarvis thing
raised funds and opened homes for homeless boys
had space for up to 25 boys at a time- full quickly
what happened to the boy that Barnardo turned away fro the homeless boy home because space was full
next day two men carried the boys dead body away- he had died from the cold
he then made sure no kids were refused admission
how many homes did Barnardo open in his life and how many kids did this help
opened 96 homes which helped 8,500 kids
what was Thomas Barnardo’s long term impact
2019- raised £306 million
