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anaesthetics Flashcards

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1
Q

who said that it wasn’t the governments job to get involved with social problems

A

bentham

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2
Q

who said that it was the governments responsibility to get involved with social problems

A

chadwick

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3
Q

what happened by the year 1899

A

thousands of volunteers were too sick to serve in the Boer war.

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4
Q

what were some of the biggest changes due to population growth in the 19th century industrial era

A

by 1851 more people lived in towns than countryside
more people worked in industry than agriculture
industry became richer than landownership
workers were treated badly with long hours for low wages

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5
Q

what was the population in 1801 and 1901 and this was a rise of how much

A

1801- 16.3 million
1901- 41.6million
increase of 25.3 million

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6
Q

what was Louis Pasteur the first person to do

A

establish the link between germs and disease.

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7
Q

what was Louis Pasteur known as

A

the father of microbiology

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8
Q

what did Louis Pasteur argue

A

that micro organisms were responsible for disease and if only we could discover these microorganisms then a vaccine could be developed to specifically target the disease. He called them germs

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9
Q

what could Louis Pasteur do

A

develop effective vaccines to target specific diseases

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10
Q

what did Louis Pasteur’s first work on chicken cholera lead to and in what year

A

his first work on chicken cholera led to an effective vaccine against rabies

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11
Q

what process did louis pasteur invent

A

pasteurisation

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12
Q

what is the process of pasteurisation

A

a process which preserved liquids to stop them from spoiling

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13
Q

what was Robert Koch able to do in the laboratory

A

he was able to link particular germs to particular diseases

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14
Q

in what year did Robert Koch identify the specific bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria) that caused tuberculosis

A

1882

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15
Q

in what years did Robert Koch identify the specific bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria) responsible for cholera and whose work from which year did this confirm

A

identified cholera bacillus in 1883 and 1884 confirming the work of John Snow in Britain in 1854

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16
Q

who developed a way to stain bacteria so they were easier to identify under a microscope

A

Robert Koch

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17
Q

After Koch discovered a way to stain bacteria, him and his students isolated the causes of many diseases such as …..

A

diptheria, cholera, typhoid, anthrax, pneumonia, plague, tetanus and whooping cough all of which were major killer diseases in Britain

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18
Q

what effective treatment did Paul Erlich discover what was its name when was it discovered and what was it called

A

Salvarson 606 developed in 1910

was an effective treatment for syphilis

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19
Q

why is it called Salvarsan 606

A

becasue it was the 606th drug Paul Erlich and his colleagues used to try to kill the germs causing syphalis

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20
Q

salvarson 606 was the first of what

A

what became known as ‘magic bullets’

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21
Q

what are ‘magic bullets’

A

carefully designed drugs targeting the specific germs causing that illness and having little or no effect on any other part of the body

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22
Q

what were the number of babies that died before their first birthday in Britain in 1899

A

142/1000

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23
Q

how many babies died before their first birthday in York

A

250/1000

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24
Q

what year did the stethoscope become widely used after

A

1850

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25
Q

when was the first x-ray machine invented

A

1895

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26
Q

what were held as scientists realising the importance of observation

A

first clinical trials

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27
Q

from what year onwards was there better knowledge of tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever

A

1850 onwards

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28
Q

how did technology improve medicine

A

machines were invented to make tablets, sugar coated pills and even gelatine capsules this allowed accurate doses of medicine to be given and themass production of drugs

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29
Q

what was Mrs Beeton’s Book, The book of household management published

A

1861

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30
Q

what did Mrs Beetons Book recommend everyone should have in their cupboards

A

recommended that every household should have opium powders and laudanum (90% alcohol, 10% opium) in their cupboards

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31
Q

why was Laudanum often given to children

A

to help them sleep or to keep them quiet

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32
Q

when did Aspirin go on sale in Britain as an every day painkiller

A

1899

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33
Q

which chemist began in the 19th century, making medicines

A

Boots the chemist

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34
Q

What year did Thomas Beecham open his first factory and what did it make

A

1859 and it made cold powders

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35
Q

what was a major ingredient in some medicines and what did others contain

A

Alcohol was a major ingredient and some contained arsenic and mercury, both are poisonous

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36
Q

other medicines were addictive and contained large amounts of what

A

large amounts of cocaine and opium as their active ingredient — very addictive

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37
Q

what were mortality rates before the 19th century during surgeries and what were they down to by the end

A

before the 19th century mortality rates were as high as 40% during surgeries
by the end of the 19th century they were down to 10%

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38
Q

who came up with nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

A

Sir Humphrey Davy

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39
Q

who succesfully amputated a leg using ether

A

Robert Liston

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40
Q

the use of nitrous oxide as a recreational drug became an immediate success in what year

A

1799

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41
Q

what was nitrous oxide used for

A

used to relieve pain in operations

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42
Q

when did Sir Humphrey Davy publish his findings about nitrous oxide

A

1800

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43
Q

what were some problems with nitrous oxide

A

difficult to control dosage
hard to inhale and caused vomiting
sometimes the patient would wake up during the operation
it could ignite

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44
Q

what were some problems with ether

A

caused coughs and vomiting

ether was flammable and induced semi-commas

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45
Q

who created chloroform

A

James Simpson

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46
Q

chloroform was used in which year after James Simpson did what

A

used in 1847 after experimenting on himself and his friends to reduce pain in childbirth.

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47
Q

what did chloroform cause in patients

A

dizziness, sleepiness and unconsciousness in patients and needs to be carefully administrated

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48
Q

what anaesthetic did Queen Victoria use in childbirth and in what year

A

she used chloroform in childbirth in 1853

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49
Q

drawbacks of chloroform

A

had to be inhaled
people objected to the use of these painkillers as being unnatural
Some surgeons had higher death rates using chloroform so stopped using it in the 1970s

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50
Q

give an example of a death when using chloroform

A

Hannah Greener died aged 14 when using chloroform in a procedure for an ingrown toenail, chloroform gave heart issues so this could be what happened to her

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51
Q

when were coca leaves from South America used to make cocaine

A

in the 1850’s

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52
Q

what was cocaine used for

A

it was dropped into the eyes as a local anaesthetic

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53
Q

when did the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic dramatically increase

A

after 1891 when it was chemically made

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54
Q

drawbacks of cocaine

A

had to be given in careful doses

cocaine was addictive

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55
Q

when was cocaine first used

A

1884

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56
Q

when was nova-cocaine used

A

1905

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57
Q

what were some downsides to anaesthetics

A

hard to get the dosage correct and infections were still a problem

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58
Q

what did contagionists believe

A

believed that infection was spread from contact with infected people

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59
Q

who invited his friends round to his house to inhale gas and which gas was it

A

Sir Humphrey Davy invited his friends around to his house to inhale nitrous oxide

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60
Q

what was the biggest killer in surgery

A

sepsis infection an infection caught during an operation

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61
Q

what was sepsis infection also known as

A

hospital gangrene

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62
Q

Joseph Lister based his findings on experimentation and observation of what

A

procedures done on frogs

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63
Q

who was the boy that Joseph Lister later based his findings on experimentation and observation of procedures on

A

a boy called Jamie Greenlees who had a broken leg

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64
Q

who first started using carbolic acid

A

Joseph Lister

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65
Q

what did Joseph Lister use carbolic acid on

A

started to use an operating room sterilised with carbolic acid
sterilised instruments with carbolic acid
soaked wounds with carbolic acid
used dressings sterilised with carbolic acid

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66
Q

what did Joseph Lister reduce mortality rates and over what time period

A

he managed to reduce mortality rates in his operations by 46% to 15% in only 3 years

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67
Q

in what year did Joseph Lister invent a machine that sprayed carbolic acid

A

1871

68
Q

what was Joseph Lister known as

A

the father of antiseptic surgery

69
Q

when did Joseph Lister publish his results

A

1867

70
Q

what was a drawback of Joseph Lister’s work

A

a lot of surgeons refused to accept that they could be spreading infection

71
Q

what was a drawback of carbolic acid

A

carbolic acid irritated the lungs and skin and was hard to prepare

72
Q

when was Ignaz Semmelweiss a pioneer of antiseptic surgery

A

1847 before germ theory

73
Q

who was in charge of the maternity ward in Vienna

A

Ignaz Semmelweiss

74
Q

how much did Ignaz Semmelweiss reduce death rate by

A

35% to 1%

75
Q

how did Ignaz Semmelweiss reduce death rate

A

by making doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride

76
Q

name two people involved in antiseptic surgery

A

Joseph Lister

Ignaz Semmelweiss

77
Q

Name 4 people involved in aseptic surgery

A

Charles Chamberland
Gustav Neuber
William Halsted
Berkeley Moyniham

78
Q

who’s work did Charles chamberland follow on from

A

followed on from Koch’s work which showed infection was caused by contact with an infected surface

79
Q

what did Charles chamberlands work which followed on from Koch’s lead to

A

it lead to the creation of a germ free environment in which to carry out operations to stop infections

80
Q

who invented a steam steriliser for equipment and in which year

A

Charles Chamberland a French biologist in 1881

81
Q

what did Neuber create

A

a sterile operating theatre where all staff had to scrub in

82
Q

when did Neuber publish his ideas

A

in 1886

83
Q

who did William Halsted ask to make him ultra thin gloves

A

the Goodyear Rubber Company

84
Q

what did William Halsted make his team do

A

wear surgical clothing

85
Q

who was the first briton to wear gloves

A

Moyniham

86
Q

who always wore surgical gowns before entering the theatre

A

Berkely Moyniham

87
Q

what was a drawback of Berkely Moyniham

A

people thought he was strange

88
Q

what was a drawback of William Halsted

A

his ideas were only gradually adopted

89
Q

what was a drawbcak of Charles chamberland

A

few surgeons used these ideas to start with

90
Q

what was a drawback of Ignaz Semmelweiss

A

few other hospitals followed his procedures

91
Q

what did Florence Nightingale do during the Crimean war

A

cleaned up hospital wards and cut the death rate from 40% to 2%,

92
Q

what book did Florence Nightingale write after the war

A

‘Notes on Nursing’ and it explained how nurses could be trained and how they should treat the sick

93
Q

what did Florence Nightingale set up

A

she set up Britain’s first nurse training school at st Thomas’ Hospital raising the £44,000 herself because she wanted to make nursing an honourable profession

94
Q

when did Florence Nightingale write ‘‘notes on hospitals’

A

1863

95
Q

what were the names of Florence Nightingales books

A

‘Notes on Nursing’ and ‘Notes on Hospitals’

96
Q

what did Florence Nightingale’s ‘Notes on Hospitals’ set out

A

her ideas from running clean, safe and well ventilated hospitals

97
Q

where was Florence Nightingale a head nurse

A

London

98
Q

what did Florence Nightingale insist on in the Crimean war

A

insisted on fresh air and water, bandages, sheets laundered every day, soldiers have fresh food

99
Q

what’s one thing florence nightingale did

A

reduced vermin in hospitals

100
Q

what was one big long term impact that Florence Nightingale had

A

put pressure on the government to improve the training and recognition of nursing as a profession

101
Q

In benthal Green London how long did rich people live for on average and what year was this in

A

in 1842 rich people lived on average to 45

102
Q

in Benthal green London in 1842 how long did labourers live until

A

16

103
Q

what percentage of children in Manchester died before their first birthday

A

75%

104
Q

how were living conditions in around 1840’s

A

whole families lived in one room or in cellars liable to flooding
children shared beds
toilets and water pumps were shared by many families
back to back housing
no rubbish collections

105
Q

in 1847 how many people were found sharing one room in Liverpool

A

40 people

106
Q

what did bakers add to flour to make more money

A

powdered chalk

107
Q

what happened to milk in order to make more of it

A

milk was watered down then added chalk powder to make it white again

108
Q

who saw a man mix brown paint with candle wax when making chocolate

A

William Luby

109
Q

what did William Luby also see

A

men sweeping up sugar from the floor to make tofee

110
Q

in what year did parlaiment have to leave london

A

1858

111
Q

what caused the great stink

A

exceptionally dry weather had combined with a build up of human and industrial waste and without rain to wash it into the Thames it started to fester and started to stink

112
Q

what did Charles Dickens call the Thames

A

'’A deadly Sewer’’

113
Q

when was the Great Stink in relation to Germ theory

A

about a decade before germ theory

114
Q

what did Edwin Chadwick say that should happen with all human waste

A

ordered that all human waste was to be thrown into the Thames to stop miasma - didn’t hyet know about germ theory

115
Q

what was a problem for young boys forced to clean chimneys

A

Percivall Pott an english surgeon identified scrotal cancer as a problem for these boys

116
Q

what did young girls in match making factories suffer from

A

Phossy-jaw and brain damage

117
Q

what happened with phossy-jaw and how was it caused

A

caused by fumes from the phosphorous and the jaw would be eaten away or glow in the dark

118
Q

what lung disease did coal miners have

A

pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling dust

119
Q

what happened in textile factory machinery

A

had no guards so arms were often caught in machines

no compensation or chance of further work

120
Q

in what year did Prince Albert die of typhoid

A

1861

121
Q

where did Prince Albert catch typhoid from

A

caught from the sewers of Windsor castle

122
Q

name some other diseases that spread rapidly in the mid 19th century

A

typhoid, typhus, diarrhoea, smallpox, tuberculosis, scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles and chicken pox

123
Q

what was commonly known as the ‘‘English disease’’

A

Rixkets

124
Q

what was rickets caused by

A

a lack of fresh calcium, fresh air and sunlight-p so many worked in mines

125
Q

cholera was the biggest killer with epidemics in which years

A

1831-1832
1848
1854
1866

126
Q

how many people were killed by the Great Plague

A

100,000

127
Q

what did people still think cholera was caused by at first

A

miasma

128
Q

how many uk deaths were there from cholera in the 1831-32 epidemic

A

50,000

129
Q

how many uk deaths were there from cholera in the 1848 epidemic

A

60,000

130
Q

how many uk deaths were there from cholera in the 1854 epidemic

A

20,000

131
Q

in what year did John Snow publish a book arguing that cholera was spread by dirty water rather than bad air

A

1849

132
Q

how many people died in the first 10 days of the 1854 outbreak

A

700 people died in his locality

133
Q

what water pump were most of the cholera deaths surrounding

A

the one in Broad street

134
Q

what did John Snow notice about the men in the local brewery

A

men in a nearby brewery who just drank beer had not caught cholera

135
Q

the spread of cholera in the area stopped when John Snow did what?

A

when he removed the pump handle of the water pump

136
Q

what was discovered about the pump on Broad street

A

there was a cess pit less than 1 metre away from the pump and it was leaking into the water supplies

137
Q

what did John Snow’s discoveries help influence

A

the Public Health Act of 1875 and Sanitary Act of 1866

138
Q

what was the population of manchester is 1750 compared to 1850

A

1750- 17,000

1850- 1/3 of a million

139
Q

what area of england was coal plentiful in

A

north west

140
Q

what is one of the oldest factories in manchester

A

murry mills

141
Q

what did William Farr do in 1837

A

helped make births deaths and marraige registers compulsory

142
Q

what did William Farr’s registers do

A

showed average age of death

gave evidence

143
Q

when was Thomas Southwood Smith appointed a physician to the London Fever Hospital

A

1824

144
Q

what did Thomas Southwood Smith do

A

studied diseases caused by poverty and papers he published on public health provided examples and data- record causes of death and go to government

145
Q

what did Edwin Chadwick believe in

A

miasma

146
Q

Edwin Chadwick was a secretary to the poor Law Commisioners from what year

A

1834

147
Q

what did Edwin Chawdick use statistical evidence to do

A

explore the link between ill-health and poverty

148
Q

what was the name of the book Edwin Chadwick wrote from 1842

A

Report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population

149
Q

what did Edwin Chadwick’s book ‘Report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population’ make the link between

A

made the link between poor living conditions, disease and life expectancy

150
Q

who were the driving force behind the setting up of Health of Towns Association in 1844 and part of what became known as the ‘‘clean party’’

A

Southwood Smith and Edwin Chadwick

151
Q

who was the ‘‘Clean Party’’

A

were those pushing for govermnt action to improve conditions in towns

152
Q

why did people in the government want the ‘‘clean party’’ set up

A

because if government helped people then
stronger people- can work longer and harder- for factory work
wanted strong people for WW1

153
Q

who were the ‘‘Dirty Party’’

A

the party that opposed the clean party who wanted governments to improve conditions in towns

154
Q

who were members of the dirty party and why

A

opposed clean party cos of high costs involved
wealthy apposed it because they paid higher taxes-didn’t want change as it was expensive
rich parliament didn’t want to spend money on the poor - higher taxes

155
Q

when did Thomas Barnardo train as a doctor in London

A

1866

156
Q

in which area of London did Thoma Barnardo see the most poverty

A

East End

157
Q

what schools did Thomas Barnardo set up

A

'’Ragged schools’’

158
Q

what were there at ragged schools

A

hungry kids given cheap breakfast
evening classes and suday schools
wood-chopping brigade and a city messengers brigade
Factory Girls’ club and institute to support girls
taught skills to be maid or servent
fresh air fund and a childrens holiday fund
schemes to send boys to Canada or Auatralia as farm workers

159
Q

what did the city messengers brigade (part of ragged schools) help boys do

A

help boys find work

160
Q

where were ‘‘ragged school’’ kids helped to find work at

A

find work locally at Bryant and May’s match factory or the Tate and Lyle Sugar refinery

161
Q

what did the ‘‘Fresh Air Fund’’ and a ‘‘Children’s Country Holiday Fund’’ do

A

provide an escape for the poor children

162
Q

what did the East End of London look like when Barnardo lived there

A 
poorest places- slum
cramped, dirty and stinking
filthy streets
1000's crammed together 
dozens to a room
disease and criminals ran riots
163
Q

what happened with Jim Jarvis and Thomas Barnardo

A

Jim wanted to stay at school - had no mum or dad or home - took Barnardo to a roof top where homeless boys were all huddled together

164
Q

what did Barnardo do after the Jim Jarvis thing

A

raised funds and opened homes for homeless boys

had space for up to 25 boys at a time- full quickly

165
Q

what happened to the boy that Barnardo turned away fro the homeless boy home because space was full

A

next day two men carried the boys dead body away- he had died from the cold
he then made sure no kids were refused admission

166
Q

how many homes did Barnardo open in his life and how many kids did this help

A

opened 96 homes which helped 8,500 kids

167
Q

what was Thomas Barnardo’s long term impact

A

2019- raised £306 million

history - mr kingswood (20 decks)

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