Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM BacT Spring 2017 > Anaerobic bacteria > Flashcards

Anaerobic bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you find anaerobic bacteria in animals?

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: Anaerobic bacteria can be BOTH endogenous and exogenous

A

TRUE

found in GI tract and in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin and acts by inducing ____

A

Inhibition of neurotransmittors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

  1. Tetanus toxoid is an inactivated toxin
  2. Teatnus toxoid is an inactivated bacterin
    3, Tetanus toxin directly affects muscles
  3. Tetanus occurs after ingestion of toxin
A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The main mode of transmission of Botulism is ______

A

Ingestion of toxin (not the bacteria itself)

*rarely occurs from wound infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a major symptom of tetanus?

A

Spastic paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What clinical signs will you see in a cow suffering from Botulism?

A

Drooping ears, drooling, tongue out

Eventually they die from respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What toxin does C. perfringens make and why is it important?

A

Epsilon toxin

Very lethal - considered a bioterrorism substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What spps of clostridium are neurotoxic?

A

C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. perfringens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What spps of clostridium are histotoxic?

A

C. chauvoei
C. septicum
C. novyi
C. perfringens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What spps of clostridium are enterotoxic?

A

C. perfringens

C. difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What neuro transmitters does C. tetani inhibit?

A

Gaba and glycine

Causes SPASTIC paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What neuro transmitters does C. botulinum inhibit? What kind of paralysis does it cause?

A

Acetylcholine

Flaccid paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are most susceptible to C. tetani?

A

Horses > humans > other animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If are called to a farm for a “wooden horse”, what do you suspect is the cause and what do you look for?

A

C. tentani: causes spastic paralysis, lock jaw, and stiff limbs

Look for a wound! This is where the bacteria are replicating and producing toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who typically gets ascending tetanus and what is it?

A

Seen in dogs and cats

The toxin ascends up limbs from the affected wound - causing paralysis of one-two limbs at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who typically gets descending tetanus and what is it?

A

Seen in horses and humans

Toxins enter the bloodstream via wounds. Paralysis will begin in the head and neck and then affect all limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: Culture and serology are good methods of diagnosing C. tetani infections

A

FALSE

Dx is via clinical presentation. Can also perform a diff quick or gram stain from smear of wound - may see gram positive endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is used to make the tetanus vaccine?

A

C. tetani TOXIOD - inactivated toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you treat tetanus?

A

Anti-toxin
Anti-tetanus equine serum (sometimes results in anaphylactic reactions)
Wound debridement to prevent further toxin release
Supportive care (muscle relaxers etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: Botulinum toxin is a highly potent endotoxin

A

FALSE - EXOtoxin*** very potent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What deficiency in cattle increases their susceptibility to contracting botulism?

A

Phosphorus deficiency

It causes PICA - cattle will start to eat anything/everything - including bones etc of infected carcasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What a tell tale signs a bird has botulism?

A

Flaccid paralysis and protrusion of the 3rd eyelid**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: Botulism is an easy to diagnose

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do you prevent botulism?
Good quality feed!!
26
Which of the following clostridium does NOT exert its effect through histotoxic activity? C. chauvoei C. septicum C. perfringens C. botulinum
C. botulinum = neurotoxic
27
Black leg is caused by?
C. chauvoei
28
Enterotoxic clostridium include all of the following except: C. difficile C. perfringens C. botulinum C. colinum
C. botulinum
29
A fast, practical and reliable test to diagnose black leg in cattle is...?
Direct fluorescent antibody staining of affected tissue
30
What clostridium spps causes ulcerative colitis in quails?
C. colinum
31
Which of the following is incorrect about C. piliforme? 1. causes Tyzzers dz 2. Is a gram negative clostridium 3. Dx by anaerobic culture 4. Liver necrosis is a common lesion
3 - C. piliforme is an OBLIGATE INTRACELLUR pathogen so it can not be cultured
32
T/F: All clostridium spps are gram positive
FALSE C. piliforme is the ONLY gram negative clostridium
33
What do histotoxic clostridium spps cause?
Tissue damage - necrosis - usually localized infections
34
Who are the most common hosts of histotoxic clostridium spps? What are the histopathic clostridium spps?
Farm animals | C. septicum C. chauvoei C. noyvi C. perfringens
35
T/F: Animals can ingest toxins and get Black Leg
False Animals ingest SPORES, that will get stored in muscle --> then when a traumatic injury occurs they will become vegetative and produce toxins
36
What process causes gas accumulation that creates distinctive lesions in patients with histotoxic clostridium infections?
Fermentation gas accumulation - has distinctive smell, and causes necrosis
37
T/F: Black leg can occur due to an exogenous infection
TRUE exogenous and endogenous
38
What spps of clostridium causes black leg in cattle and sheep?
C. chauvoei
39
What are the clinical signs of black leg in sheep and cattle? Can it be treated?
Gangrene necrosis, hemorrhagic necrosis, with gas accumulation, systemic toxemia. Acute fever 100% mortality - no tx
40
What animals are most susceptible to C. chauvoei?
Young, healthy calves at pasture (most commonly in summer)
41
What does C. novyi - Type A cause?
"big head" in Rams Gangrene necrosis
42
What does C. novyi Type B cause?
Black Disease - infectious necrotic hepatitis **animals are predisposed if they have had a liver fluke
43
What do C. hemolytica (C. novyi type D) cause?
liver damage and bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep
44
What spps of clostridium causes malignant edema in pigs and horses?
C. sepcticum
45
T/F: C. septicum infections can occur exogenously or endogenously
TRUE
46
How do you treat malignant edema?
Need to perform surgical debridement to remove necrotic tissue and any toxin releasing material
47
What procedures increase the risk of infection with C. septicum?
IM injections in horses, shearing, docking, lambing in sheep
48
What diseases does C. septicum cause and in who?
Malignant edema = pigs and horses Braxy = abomasal edema in sheep Necrotic dermatitis = chicken
49
What is the best dx test for C. septicum infections?
Direct fluorescent antibody staining (DFA) *should be performed by a reference lab In house - can perform a gram stain on a muscle impression smear
50
T/F: Vaccines for C. septicum diseases can be made by using a toxoid or a bacterin
TRUE
51
If you catch a malignant edema infection quickly in a horse, what medicine would you start it on right away?
Penicillin
52
T/F: All C. perfringens has alpha toxins
TRUE
53
How does an animal get enterotoxemia?
Bacteria produce toxin in the GI tract --> then it is absorbed into the bloodstream *C. perfringens and C. difficile
54
What does C. perfringens Type C cause?
necrotizing enteritis in piglets
55
What does C. perfrigens Type D cause?
enterotoxemia in Sheep and Goats aka "pulpy kidney dz" or "over eating dz"
56
What clinical signs are seen in "over eating dz"?
Fluid distended intestine with petechial hemorrhages on serosal surfaces, ***focal, symmetrical encepholomalacia, pulpy kidney from increased autolysis post mortem *acute death due to hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock
57
What causes "over eating dz"?
Feeding high grain diets to sheep and goats --> causes a change in the gut pH that allows C. Prefringens to thrive and produce toxins
58
What dx tests should be performed if you suspect C. septicum?
Anaerobic culture from intestine and toxin genotype test
59
What tx can be provided for a sheep with pulpy kidney dz?
hyperimmune serum (if infection is caught early enough) Antimicrobial therapy is NOT EFFECTIVE
60
How can you prevent pulpy kidney dz?
Vaccination and avoiding sudden change in diet
61
T/F: C. difficile causes entercolitis in humans
True! as well as - horses, pigs, cats, dogs, etc
62
When do C. difficile infections occur?
After antimicrobial treatments! Antimicrobials will change the intestinal flora - allows for C. difficile to take over - multiply - produce toxin
63
What is dysbiosis?
Microbial imbalance **how C. difficile infections occur
64
What are the virulence factors of C. difficile? Why are they important?
Tox A and Tox B They synergistically destroy enterocytes Are used for detection in dx via ELISA
65
How do you treat enterocolitis caused by C. difficile?
STOP antimicrobials (since this is an infection that occurs due to antimicrobial effect on normal flora) Probiotics **no clindamycin in horses** - human medicine is researching fecal transplants
66
What spps of Clostridium causes enterotoxemia and explosive dhr in bunnies 4-8wks of age?
C. spiroforme
67
What antimicrobials should be avoided in rabbits to prevent C. spiroforme infections?
Lincomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin | these induce clostridium related enterotoxemia
68
What bacteria cause Foot Rot in cattle? What bacteria cause Foot Rot in sheep?
Cattle: Fusobacterium necrophorum Sheep: Fusobacertium necrophorum AND Dichelobacter nodosus
69
What diseases does Fusobacterium necrophrum cause in cattle? (3)
1. Foot rot 2. Calf Diptheria (necrotic laryngitis) 3. Liver abscesses
70
Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobes are commensals on...?
Mucus membranes and skin
71
T/F: Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobes are not commonly found in "mixed" bacterial infections
FALSE They are often in mixed bacterial infections
72
T/F: The vaccine for foot rot in cattle is the same vaccine used in sheep
FALSE Cattle foot rot vax uses Fusobacterium necrophorum Sheep foot rot vax uses dichelobacter nodosus

RUSVM BacT Spring 2017 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions