Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM BacT Spring 2017 > Anaerobic bacteria > Flashcards

Anaerobic bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you find anaerobic bacteria in animals?

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: Anaerobic bacteria can be BOTH endogenous and exogenous

A

TRUE

found in GI tract and in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin and acts by inducing ____

A

Inhibition of neurotransmittors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

  1. Tetanus toxoid is an inactivated toxin
  2. Teatnus toxoid is an inactivated bacterin
    3, Tetanus toxin directly affects muscles
  3. Tetanus occurs after ingestion of toxin
A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The main mode of transmission of Botulism is ______

A

Ingestion of toxin (not the bacteria itself)

*rarely occurs from wound infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a major symptom of tetanus?

A

Spastic paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What clinical signs will you see in a cow suffering from Botulism?

A

Drooping ears, drooling, tongue out

Eventually they die from respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What toxin does C. perfringens make and why is it important?

A

Epsilon toxin

Very lethal - considered a bioterrorism substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What spps of clostridium are neurotoxic?

A

C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. perfringens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What spps of clostridium are histotoxic?

A

C. chauvoei
C. septicum
C. novyi
C. perfringens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What spps of clostridium are enterotoxic?

A

C. perfringens

C. difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What neuro transmitters does C. tetani inhibit?

A

Gaba and glycine

Causes SPASTIC paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What neuro transmitters does C. botulinum inhibit? What kind of paralysis does it cause?

A

Acetylcholine

Flaccid paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are most susceptible to C. tetani?

A

Horses > humans > other animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If are called to a farm for a “wooden horse”, what do you suspect is the cause and what do you look for?

A

C. tentani: causes spastic paralysis, lock jaw, and stiff limbs

Look for a wound! This is where the bacteria are replicating and producing toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who typically gets ascending tetanus and what is it?

A

Seen in dogs and cats

The toxin ascends up limbs from the affected wound - causing paralysis of one-two limbs at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who typically gets descending tetanus and what is it?

A

Seen in horses and humans

Toxins enter the bloodstream via wounds. Paralysis will begin in the head and neck and then affect all limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: Culture and serology are good methods of diagnosing C. tetani infections

A

FALSE

Dx is via clinical presentation. Can also perform a diff quick or gram stain from smear of wound - may see gram positive endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is used to make the tetanus vaccine?

A

C. tetani TOXIOD - inactivated toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you treat tetanus?

A

Anti-toxin
Anti-tetanus equine serum (sometimes results in anaphylactic reactions)
Wound debridement to prevent further toxin release
Supportive care (muscle relaxers etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: Botulinum toxin is a highly potent endotoxin

A

FALSE - EXOtoxin*** very potent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What deficiency in cattle increases their susceptibility to contracting botulism?

A

Phosphorus deficiency

It causes PICA - cattle will start to eat anything/everything - including bones etc of infected carcasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What a tell tale signs a bird has botulism?

A

Flaccid paralysis and protrusion of the 3rd eyelid**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: Botulism is an easy to diagnose

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you prevent botulism?

A

Good quality feed!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which of the following clostridium does NOT exert its effect through histotoxic activity?

C. chauvoei
C. septicum
C. perfringens
C. botulinum

A

C. botulinum = neurotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Black leg is caused by?

A

C. chauvoei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Enterotoxic clostridium include all of the following except:

C. difficile
C. perfringens
C. botulinum
C. colinum

A

C. botulinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A fast, practical and reliable test to diagnose black leg in cattle is…?

A

Direct fluorescent antibody staining of affected tissue

30
Q

What clostridium spps causes ulcerative colitis in quails?

A

C. colinum

31
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about C. piliforme?

  1. causes Tyzzers dz
  2. Is a gram negative clostridium
  3. Dx by anaerobic culture
  4. Liver necrosis is a common lesion
A

3 - C. piliforme is an OBLIGATE INTRACELLUR pathogen so it can not be cultured

32
Q

T/F: All clostridium spps are gram positive

A

FALSE

C. piliforme is the ONLY gram negative clostridium

33
Q

What do histotoxic clostridium spps cause?

A

Tissue damage - necrosis - usually localized infections

34
Q

Who are the most common hosts of histotoxic clostridium spps?

What are the histopathic clostridium spps?

A

Farm animals

C. septicum
C. chauvoei
C. noyvi
C. perfringens

35
Q

T/F: Animals can ingest toxins and get Black Leg

A

False

Animals ingest SPORES, that will get stored in muscle –> then when a traumatic injury occurs they will become vegetative and produce toxins

36
Q

What process causes gas accumulation that creates distinctive lesions in patients with histotoxic clostridium infections?

A

Fermentation

gas accumulation - has distinctive smell, and causes necrosis

37
Q

T/F: Black leg can occur due to an exogenous infection

A

TRUE

exogenous and endogenous

38
Q

What spps of clostridium causes black leg in cattle and sheep?

A

C. chauvoei

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of black leg in sheep and cattle? Can it be treated?

A

Gangrene necrosis, hemorrhagic necrosis, with gas accumulation, systemic toxemia. Acute fever

100% mortality - no tx

40
Q

What animals are most susceptible to C. chauvoei?

A

Young, healthy calves at pasture (most commonly in summer)

41
Q

What does C. novyi - Type A cause?

A

“big head” in Rams

Gangrene necrosis

42
Q

What does C. novyi Type B cause?

A

Black Disease - infectious necrotic hepatitis

**animals are predisposed if they have had a liver fluke

43
Q

What do C. hemolytica (C. novyi type D) cause?

A

liver damage and bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep

44
Q

What spps of clostridium causes malignant edema in pigs and horses?

A

C. sepcticum

45
Q

T/F: C. septicum infections can occur exogenously or endogenously

A

TRUE

46
Q

How do you treat malignant edema?

A

Need to perform surgical debridement to remove necrotic tissue and any toxin releasing material

47
Q

What procedures increase the risk of infection with C. septicum?

A

IM injections in horses, shearing, docking, lambing in sheep

48
Q

What diseases does C. septicum cause and in who?

A

Malignant edema = pigs and horses

Braxy = abomasal edema in sheep

Necrotic dermatitis = chicken

49
Q

What is the best dx test for C. septicum infections?

A

Direct fluorescent antibody staining (DFA)
*should be performed by a reference lab

In house - can perform a gram stain on a muscle impression smear

50
Q

T/F: Vaccines for C. septicum diseases can be made by using a toxoid or a bacterin

A

TRUE

51
Q

If you catch a malignant edema infection quickly in a horse, what medicine would you start it on right away?

A

Penicillin

52
Q

T/F: All C. perfringens has alpha toxins

A

TRUE

53
Q

How does an animal get enterotoxemia?

A

Bacteria produce toxin in the GI tract –> then it is absorbed into the bloodstream

*C. perfringens and C. difficile

54
Q

What does C. perfringens Type C cause?

A

necrotizing enteritis in piglets

55
Q

What does C. perfrigens Type D cause?

A

enterotoxemia in Sheep and Goats

aka “pulpy kidney dz” or “over eating dz”

56
Q

What clinical signs are seen in “over eating dz”?

A

Fluid distended intestine with petechial hemorrhages on serosal surfaces, ***focal, symmetrical encepholomalacia, pulpy kidney from increased autolysis post mortem

*acute death due to hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock

57
Q

What causes “over eating dz”?

A

Feeding high grain diets to sheep and goats –> causes a change in the gut pH that allows C. Prefringens to thrive and produce toxins

58
Q

What dx tests should be performed if you suspect C. septicum?

A

Anaerobic culture from intestine and toxin genotype test

59
Q

What tx can be provided for a sheep with pulpy kidney dz?

A

hyperimmune serum (if infection is caught early enough)

Antimicrobial therapy is NOT EFFECTIVE

60
Q

How can you prevent pulpy kidney dz?

A

Vaccination and avoiding sudden change in diet

61
Q

T/F: C. difficile causes entercolitis in humans

A

True!

as well as - horses, pigs, cats, dogs, etc

62
Q

When do C. difficile infections occur?

A

After antimicrobial treatments!

Antimicrobials will change the intestinal flora - allows for C. difficile to take over - multiply - produce toxin

63
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Microbial imbalance

**how C. difficile infections occur

64
Q

What are the virulence factors of C. difficile? Why are they important?

A

Tox A and Tox B

They synergistically destroy enterocytes

Are used for detection in dx via ELISA

65
Q

How do you treat enterocolitis caused by C. difficile?

A

STOP antimicrobials (since this is an infection that occurs due to antimicrobial effect on normal flora)
Probiotics
no clindamycin in horses

  • human medicine is researching fecal transplants
66
Q

What spps of Clostridium causes enterotoxemia and explosive dhr in bunnies 4-8wks of age?

A

C. spiroforme

67
Q

What antimicrobials should be avoided in rabbits to prevent C. spiroforme infections?

A

Lincomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin

these induce clostridium related enterotoxemia

68
Q

What bacteria cause Foot Rot in cattle?

What bacteria cause Foot Rot in sheep?

A

Cattle: Fusobacterium necrophorum

Sheep: Fusobacertium necrophorum AND Dichelobacter nodosus

69
Q

What diseases does Fusobacterium necrophrum cause in cattle? (3)

A
  1. Foot rot
  2. Calf Diptheria (necrotic laryngitis)
  3. Liver abscesses
70
Q

Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobes are commensals on…?

A

Mucus membranes and skin

71
Q

T/F: Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobes are not commonly found in “mixed” bacterial infections

A

FALSE

They are often in mixed bacterial infections

72
Q

T/F: The vaccine for foot rot in cattle is the same vaccine used in sheep

A

FALSE

Cattle foot rot vax uses Fusobacterium necrophorum

Sheep foot rot vax uses dichelobacter nodosus

RUSVM BacT Spring 2017 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions