America Transformed Into The Industrial Giant Of The World Flashcards
Horizontal integration
A strategy of gaining as much control over a single industry as possible, oftentimes by creating trusts and holding companies
Utilized by J. D. ROCKEFELLER and Standard Oil
Taylorism
Following management practices of the industrial engineer Fredrick Winslow Taylor
The belief that factories should be managed in a scientific manner
Utilized techniques that would increase the efficiency of the individual workers and the factory process as a whole
- emphasized efficiency especially with the assembly line ex. Ford Co.
- decreased need for skilled craftsmen
* created a demand for more workers= child labor
Vertical integration
A strategy of gaining as much control of a single industry as possible by controlling the production, marketing, and distribution of the finished product
Ex. A. CARNEGIE and US Steel
Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie’s philosophy that wealthy individuals had an obligation to help local communities and philanthropic organizations
Ex. Carnegie basically started the public library system (jk it was Benjamin Franklin…. But lets be real, Carnegie got it off the ground)
Knights of Labor
Major Union of the late 1800s
Made up of many industrial unions
*Accepted BOTH skilled and unskilled workers
*welcomed immigrants, blacks, and women
Idealistic: wanted a cooperative society
Failed to impress bosses and gradually lost its members
American Federation of Labor
NATIONAL labor union est. by Samuel Gompers
Original goal: organize SKILLED workers by craft
Bargained for higher wages and lower hours, not idealism
Tried to avoid strikes to maintain a good reputation
Industrial Workers of the World
More radical than the AFL Est. in first decade of 1900s Attempted to unionized UNSKILLED workers rejected by the AFL (similar to Knights of Labor) Members: Wobblies Involved in many violent strikes Crushed in WWI for treason
Gilded Age
- Coined by Mark Twain
- Depiction of the late 1800s America that emphasizes a surface of great prosperity hiding problems of social inequality and cultural shallowness
- caused by the weak republican leaders after Lincoln: Johnson and Grant who emphasized the spoils system (Hayes and Garfield attempted to reform)
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Federal act that est. a civil service system at a FEDERAL level
FOR THE FIRST TIME, not all government jobs would be political appointments
Est. by Chester Arthur (successor after Garfield’s assassination)
Est. the Civil Service Commission which led to the est. of a professional bureaucracy in the legislative and executive branches
*did not end corruption
Tammany Hall
Political machine that ran NYC Democratic and city politics
Model for other political machines
Led by Boss Tweed
Second Industrial Revolution
US beat Germany as the largest manufacturing nation
Combo of new technology, business organization, and increased efficiency
Increased growth due to a lack of government control over business (laissez-faire was MVP)
Expansion of heavy industry (steel, machinery, and petroleum products- NOT as many consumer goods)
Ex. Textile manufacturing
Social Darwinism
Idea that God gave wealth to those who were most deserving
Haymarket Square
Sight of a bombing during a workers’ demonstration
Created a bad name for unions and basically shut down the labor movement (decreased Knights of Labor membership)
Pullman Palace Car Co.
Sight of a major, radical strike led by Eugene V. Debs who would alter run for president with a socialist party
New immigrants
No longer from NW Europe, now from east, Russia, Italy, and Asia 1. Didn't speak English 2. Poorer than first wave of immigration 3. Not exposed to democracy Ellis Island required extensive testing Settled in coastal slums They were escaping 1. Oppressive governments 2. Religious persecution 3. Rising taxes 4. Declining farm production
