America Society (1865-1890) Flashcards
How did mass immigration develop in US society ? (9)
-(1860-1890) 10 million immigrants
in America
Effect of social and economic forces:
-empty land to be filled (mythic idea), need for labour
- land for free[ (1866) Statue of Liberty built [symbol]
-immigrants were recruited by shipping companies (at reception Centre of castle garden, New York)
[demographic changes to US]
-Scandinavias and Germans settle in rural areas
-Irish immigrants settle in urban areas
-Chinese employed in western section of grand transcontinental road
-heavily progressed urbanisation as industrilisation and transport growth attracted more to towns/ cities (had more capital, better fir work) . (more so in north but affected all US regions ]
[impact of immigrants on urbanisation]
Became associated with immigrants ‘China town’
(Suburb ‘over the rhine’ in Cincinnati, Ohio became community for German cultural traditions)
(Wisconsin became German America city of German -language newspapers and brewery
(1882) immigration of us was 788,922
(1881-1890) was immigration to us was 5.2 million
How far did immigration create a united US society?
Viewed as threats to jobs and existing cultural norms (from Americans (nativists), older immigrants communities, immigrants that chose to stick to their old beleifs)
•cause class prejudice and racial prejudice
Overall Strongly on Chinese:
-workers on railroads,
-then migrated to California ,
-provide half labor force for san-Francisco key industries.
-Lots worked on farm growing plants. -Were cheap, disciplined labour
=called ‘yellow peril’ in newspapers) =chinese exclusion act (1882) - renewed (1892) prevent Chinese get citizenship for 3 years and Chinese immigration
=(grouped with native and African Americans and called ‘colored’ and ‘alien’)
=‘(1870s) people though cheap Chinese labor would undermine white, with Hayes (1879) warning Americans on a ‘present Chinese invasion’
Succes? -(viewed as better workers than AAs) , respected workers
What is nativism?
People of ‘America stock’ whose parents were born in US felt necessary to protect American values against ‘alien’ wages brought by new immigrants ‘America first’
How far did the rise in capitalism and feminism growth cause societal division?
Social division:
• against industrial capitalism (grangers movement and knights of labor to defend farmers and workers interests. Middle class enforced pressure groups against big business
• female divisions: groups active in temperance movement and to abolishh slavery. StruggledCampaighn for women’s rights
-against men oppressing feminist -conservative women reformers
(Wash untied with radicals in 1890 when National American suffrage association established)
=1920 ‘Susan B. Anthony amendment’ /18th amendment
Who was Elizabeth say Stanton?
-leader for fighting for women suffrage
-opposed 14th and 15th amendment’s because she thought women voting power should be equal to African Americans
-president of National American women suffrage association in (1890)
Who was who was Susan B. Anthony?
Social reformer and campaigner for women rights
(1866) founded America equal rights association
(1878) played key role representing an constitutional Amendment in congress to give women right to vote
What was the grangers movement?
Form (1867) to help farmers with loans, advice & solidarity. Hostile to railroad companies. To promote agriculture. (grow corn & wheat.)
They peaked in 1880.
-(1885) 850,000 members
-union of small farmers
-(1877) had favourable Supreme Court ruling against state Illinois (but later nullified in (1886)
During the 1870 there was a shift in alliance movement that took more political approach. By 1890 they were a significant political force that attacked cartels
How far did north & east have regional division/was United
(Urbanisation , industrialisation and pop changes most notable in north and east, where railroads, big business gorge influence
•(1860-1890) population of New York doubled
• (1860-1890) Chicago population increased from over 100,000 to one million
• booming cities formed, New York, Chicago, Great Lake, Ohio, Pennsylvania
•• (railroad strike 1877) : workers were fighting wage cuts in Ohio railroad, then in Maryland, leading to violent clashes in Philadelphia (more than 40 people killed by militiamen)
••• orange riots (1870) 8 people were killed when march through New York by Irish protestants, was heckled by Irish Catholics, (1871) huge riot between faction cause 60 civilian deaths
[Irish gangs dominated Chicago south]
How far was there social division in the new south?
• division between African Americans and former-slave owning society’s
(African Americans were unsure to be moderate or radical in there approach)
• class conflict and resentment in white society, especially amongst poor farmers
•south was envious and bitter about losing civil war, losing position in politics. Complained against ‘Yankees’ ‘carpet baggers’ ‘scalawags’
What were the developments and social division in the Wild West like?
Settlement caused by gov policy and ordinary settlement
•treaties with plain Indian nation were undermined by white actions
(Gold prospectors went to black hills in 1874, breaking 1868 treaty of fort Laramie, causing war against natives)
•mining towns boomed in Virginia city, Nevada, then deserted when minerals found somewhere else
•mythic idea: land was space waiting to be rained by pioneers who represent American values
•railroad progression
• became popular in entertainment ‘ buffalo bills wild west’ stage show toured country by former frontier scout) (promise in south)
Affect plain Indian and farmers
How did social divisions in Wild West affect plain Indians?
Division between white settlers and native Americans
By 1890 plain Indians way of life was gone. Tribal lands were given to settlers. Natives confined to small spaces, uneconomic reservations
[marginalized]
How did social divisions in the Wild West affect farmers?
They presented image of pioneer settlers, but pushed aside by ‘big agriculture like mining and ranching. Making them economically struggle to survive.
(This started to the rise of big organizations to arise from demand to buy farming goods like seeds and equipment)
-consequences grangers movement
How problematic were the changes to the position of African Americans?
Freedmen were forced into sharecropping
They found it difficult to vote due to segregation imposed by white Americans
Social tensions between’ blacks’ (who were slaves until) 1865 and ‘browns’ ( who gained free status earlier than 1865)
Increased lynching
1877 compromise made laws passed that protected African Americans no longer enforced
Racially mixed schools not allowed
Half of Americans in south illiterate
How successful did the position of African Americans change in the US?
-they appointed new surnames and were called by me and miss
-some opened small bussines
-wealthy Northern philanthropists set up charities and donated for funding schools
-(1866-1868) 3 universities for African Americans were open
-past 1877 African Americans moved south. (1879) exodus of African Americans to Kansas. Was investigated by senate
Who was booker T Washington?
Was born into slavery. First leader of school( Tuskegee institute) established in (1881) to train African American teachers.
Advocate for moderation and compromise. (1891) founded West Virginia state university
He Was criticised later for radicals being overlay moderate
