A Divided Society: ideological, Social, Regional And Ethnic Divisions Flashcards
How far did McCarthyism impact society and culture in the US to create social conformity?
[HUAC hearings televised and inquisitorial style made attacks difficult to defend against]
-state department: untied US towards with McCarthyism at first to rid US of ‘communist spies’ ‘striped pants diplomats’ and ‘pointy-headed intellectuals’ within the state department.
(1971) Tom Huston drew most of enemies Nixon administration should Harris’s and discredit
Media impact:
-motion picture industry:
‘Hollywood ten’ & hollywood blacklisting(Charlie Chaplin)=prison sentencing= careers destroyed, broke friendships. Hays code continued ‘moral’ censorship until (1968)
-TV & radio: (1950) red channels name 150 subversives
LIMITS:
-1953 the crucible stage play about salem English witch trials, that was heavily associated with mcarthy.
-CBS broadcaster Ed morrow attacked mcarthy
-mcarthy embarrassed in HUAC hearings
How far US society and economy develop and change from the age of affluence
military / poltical impact
-federal gov spending rose in peacetime ($36.5 billion, 1948) -> Korea war ^
-(1945) Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb
-(1947) US test ballistic missiles
-(1954) US test hydrogen bomb
-(1960)submerged submarine missile fire testing
-($40-50 billion per year on federal military spending: equipping army, weapons research and dev)
-defense establishments built in poor areas (desert region, New Mexico and Arizona)= attracted firms with lucrative contracts to new military bases=less inequalities?
-interestate highway act made ‘defense highways’ in case of nuclear attack
(B: developed military industrial complex , (1949) USSR explode first military weapon
Economic:
-urban america consumed 3000 calories pert day (50% more than most Western Europeans)
-employment opportunities in new industry (chemical, electrical , aircraft production) and growth in new ones like tobacco and processed foods
-(1960) home ownership rose to 62%
-car industry grew:
• car sales rose to 6.7 million. Dominated by ‘big three’ ford, General Motors , Chryslers, (1958) customizable Lincoln model ford.
• Grew associated facilities (roadside hotels , motels, gas stations , garages )= McDonald opening (1955)-> 228 had annual sales of $37 mil
• road building: (1956) interstate highway act=dual carriageways, provide free traffic movement
-developed suburbs, less in city life, symbolise prosperity
(B: passenger service lost $700 million yearly on average , but also from aviation. 25% US live in poverty, many USman on barge earn $3000 yearly and below lived carefully and save what they can , (1947 ) 33% US homes lacked running water & some live in rentals
Social/ cultural
-population rose 80 million (145-1975), immigration (skilled workers ) continued to rise , more AAs out south into north and lots Mexicans into south & west
-Suburbs: by 1955, 15 million houses were built for private purchase. Home ownership rose to 60% in (1960). Federal housing administration , huge mortgages up to 90% of cost price and interest low as 4%. 33% live in suburbs (1960). 4000 Shopping malls developed by late 1950s.
-consumer boom
Fuelled by incessant advertising (=more valuable to consumer so by (1963) worth $13 bil)
-(1960) 50 million TVs in US
-(1957) nappies became $59 million yearly industry
-‘baby boomers’ 4 mill born per year (1954-64)
-divorce rate fell to 9.6 /1000 marriages (1953)
-luxurious (1951) 90% owned fridges and 75% washing machines, Polaroid cameras, long play records ,
-(1950s) US consumed 33% all goods and 66% world productive capacity
(B: urban areas considered ‘white flight’ , inner cities rotted and left for poor often ethnic minorities. Who got less money as middle class tax layer left, suburban looked the same, lack of business in developed in suburban area (chose to stay at home, not give social stability as most rotors in 1960s were well off)
How far did the civil rights movement change and develop US society and culture? (1945-1960)
-(1946) civil rights committee established to investigate racial abuse. Published report ‘secure these rights’ = coalition in senate blocked civil rights measures (anti-lynching bill)
-(1947) intent to create sports integration by Jackie Robinson joining Brooklyn dodgers=played in major mushers baseball, still white majority, raised social conscious,
-(1948) executive order (9981) to deserve armed forces entirely, gairuntee fair employment opportunity in civil service= (B: feared by senior military), integrated in south safely and securely,, by (1950) air force & navy completely integrated
(1954) brown vs board of education of Topeka hearings ruled that “seperate but equal” policy was not valid as it generated inferior in blacks= (B: not compulsory to desegregate schools, -lead to (1955) Supreme Court not enforce deadlines- , 240,000 remained segregated (1959) prince Edward county, Virgina, closed public schools so white only attend private segregated ones, southern manifesto) (1956-57) 723 schools districts desegregated
(1955) the murder of emmet till, to give justice to the racist murder of till, ensure attitudes were persecuted= all white jury awaited them,
(1955) montegarry bus boycott: intend to enforce equal privileges on buses=last 381 days, involved 50,000 black supporters , put financial pressure on authority, ruled segregation on buses unconstitutional “browder vs gayle” court verdict, pivoted position of MLK of non-violent protests
(1957) rock on Little Rock high school, intend for black girl , elizebath eckford & other black students to enter central highschool = (B: bared by white protests) , military escorts children to school, AA, realise reliance on federal courts not enough
(1960) Greensboro sit ins to attempt to desegregate all white cafe= 70,000 participants (3000 arrests), caused ‘ freedom rides ‘into segregated areas to develop, which confers of racial equality used to test court anti-racist hearings, (B:300 riders imprisoned)= interstate commerce commission has end racial segregation in bus terminals
How far did the civil rights movement change and develop US society and culture? (1961-75?)
(Post 1965 radical and pacifist divisions emerged, Muslim and Christian )
-(1963) Alabama marches by student non-violent coordinating committee , intend to increase social consciousness in segregation and expose racial violence = publicised on TV , Kennedy involved himself and agreed to desegregate in 90 days (2000 demonstrators arrested)
-(1963) march in Washington intent for civil rights groups to maintain high profile, and spread message on whole civil rights movement = 250,000 took part , televised accross US, king and other leader disclose with Kennedy towards legislations after March
-(freedom summer) 1964
(1965) Selma marched, intent to give African Americans fair voting rights= marches attacked by police ‘bloody Sunday’ -Johnson passed voting right act
(1965) Malcom X assassinated
(1965) watts race riot , intend by AAs to force gov to solve issues on high unemployment, discrimination and poverty,=scared whites from black ghettos, 34 dead, $40 million in damage
(1966) student non-violent coordination committee separate from king and suport black power movement . Intend to increase black power and show ‘black is beautiful’ , create black pride and promote African American dress style= (B: criticized for being too aggressive,) (1968) gained more public from Mexico Olympic from athletes doing black salute (tommie smith)
-(1966) black panthers established .United to end police brutality and give decent housing , education , and full employment for African Americans, through violence (ideas influenced by Malcom X)= set up practical community action programs. Served breakfast to poor AAs. Gave child care to working mothers (1968) 5000 members
(1968) assasination MLK, to stop his leadership progress AA equality = national , race riots , black movement less united consumer
(1969) Nixon stops public bussing of students In urban areas , inted to appeal to conservative democrats & voters= slow implanting desecration (partly in schools)
(1974) first black mayor of Atlanta , intent to promote more African American health in south-support African America position by power
How far did ‘cultural wars’ develop and change US society and economy?
many were not new
and l applied to untypical minority :
(1960s Counter culture existed in 1950s beatniks, and actor James Dean, painter Jackson pollock abstract art)
-New values not approved by all Americans (backlash from conservatives in rural and small town America, religious broadcasters . Many later rejected counter culture to live content lives
-promoted by mass media=exacbersted culture change
Cultural developments affect US ( mcarythism? Anti-communist culture , youth culture, counter culture[less conformity culture], feminism culture, African American culture
How influential was the mass media on cultural developments in the US?
TV:
-owned by majority,
-spread press reports when taken up by TV news.
-given platform for new type of advertising to alter content on TV programmes by satirisation advertising and sponsorships. [Enhanced by tv colouration in 1960s]
-Millions watched Walter Cronkite on CBS, and hit shows (Lucille balls comedy show, I love Lucy) (68% all sets in US tuned to see episode showing Lucy’s birth)
-also used to show McCarthyism , Vietnam , music etc..
Cinema:
still powerful but forced to change from impact of TV, following its drop in 1960s
Radio:
continued to be used a lot for listing to the news, entertainment, sport , advertising in homes and cars
Press:
-had wide reach, New York Times and the Washington post articles on papers were syndicated to local papers nationwide (B: US too big for nationwide newspaper)
How far did regional and ethnic developments within the US impact society and economy ?
West:
[economically]?
-hub of high tech industries (IBM research base in Silicon Valley. giant Boeing aircraft company in Seattle-Tacoma)
-LA dominated media industry in TV and cinema productions
-Las vegas became home of gambling places, gangsters, golf courses, marriage affairs
[socially]?
-Mexican migration increase: from Hispanic Mexican migration under the ‘Bracero Program’ to supply ‘guest workers’ and a lot illegally by Poeple smuggling gangs= divisions as rise in illegal migrants and lack of integration of culture as many couldn’t communicate effectively ‘sesame street’ emphasise need to get Hispanics to learn english.
[ (1975) 2 million Mexican Americans ]
-natives: (1969) the American Indian movement push for native rights. Joined with AAs part of ‘rainbow coalition’ to protest . (1973 occupied wounded knee violence with FBI) -media perceive west less manifest destiny (1973) ‘little big man’ raise seamers of misdeeds done to natives .
South
-better economic and education opportunities
- racial attitudes televised that created more demand for reform and change in south
-‘promised land’ migration northward from south on large scale=[ raise social consciousness of peoples experiences in south] support for civil rights organisation and individuals stronger
How far did youth culture experience an age of protest in US society and the economy within the 1950s US?
Not? More social revolution?
-more to spend on luxuries (1957, average teenager had $10-$15 a week to spend)
-influenced by youth films “rebel without a cause” inlcide james dean who rebels socioty ( parents , police for drunkness)
-listen to their own music (rock and roll, elvis Presley, ‘hound dog’ )
-television increased their social awareness, made them want to embrace more individuality
-more access to higher education
-teenagers slums dwellers had no money and more focused on making income than experiencing fruits of affluence. To impoverished to risk protesting
Yes?
( B: gang violence, teenage drunkenness and disrespectful behaviour to adults.
-Number of murder carried out by teenagers in New York rose by 26% from 955 to 1956)
-(1954, seduction of the innocent expose brutal comic books sold to youth = was after moderated) (violence cause by media)
-kids not properly looked after by parents caused delinquent attitudes ‘latch-key kids’
-growth of counter culture that distanced themselves from traditional norm of parents age
How far was youth culture an age of protest in US society and the economy within the 1960s and 1970s?
Not?
-most underlined with affluence.
-better education opportunity’s (Johnson’s educational reforms)
-cultural opportunity in travel, , long play records, radio, TVx sex, drugs, movies, fast food restaurants, increased political participation (voiced heard more), dress style
Was?
Political:
-join civil rights marches (1964) student societies organised rallies and marches to support civil rights, part of black power (student non violent coordinating committee SNCC)
-student for a democratic society (SDS)(1959) aim to give greater say in how courses an universities run, more left win rebels who wanted to give help to poor and disadvantaged, more equality. Did Siri ins accros US. Rebel against Vietnam policies , by burning draft cards. Crested riots at Democratic nomination convention (B: late 1960s lost support for becoming extreme , Nixon use FBI to subvert organization )
-against Vietnam war: (1969) 700,000 March in Washington. Students burnt draft cards and US flag
(B: (1970)Kent state university bombing: Nixon student protestors were shot and given tear gas, killing 4 and injuring 11)—But media reacted badly and 2 mill student went on strike in protest
-demand end police brutality and impeach Nixon
Counter culture:
-hippie movement : long hair, distinctive clothes, loved ‘alternative lifestyle’ traveled in vans and country buses , wore flowers. Use of drugs lead to police clashes
-(1967)part of ‘summer of love in San Francisco’
-(1969) Woodstock festival
provocation of Hanoi Jane (1972) encapsulate counter culture and political protest by being photographed sitting on an anti-aircraft gun
What were the reasons for student protests to emerge strongly in the 1960s?
-students wanted greater say in their own education. They wanted to take part in running the universities and bringing and end to college rules and restriction including racism
-many (white and black) protested in civil rights, joined freedom rides and sit ins. Were inspired by MLK methods
-time of global protests. Such as in Northern Ireland and Paris
Vietnam war became a focus and united the student movement. As casualties increased as did opposition to war and draft (clear focuses for protest, include unpopular war)
-explosion in pop music that became an expression of emerging youth culture and expression of protest against important issues of the day
-large younger generation “baby boomers” who were educated and available for protests
-economy sound but turning down, prompting protests without placing poeple under too much economic stress that they didn’t have time to protest
-communication technology meant local protests could become global through the medium of television
How far did the role of women swing back to social conformity and ‘family values’ in the 1950s?
Culture/ social change:
[Swing back]
-media stereotyped women as homemakers:
• (EXP: adverts, TV, women magazines. periodicals like ‘ladies home journal’ and ‘McCalls’)
• mostly aimed at white and middle class women
[No swing back]
• ‘ladies home journal’ articles “how America lives” showed wide the ethnic and class mix of women.
• felt angry and fulfilled (1960) redbook competition about women social imprisonment received 24,000 entries.
Economiy
[Swing back]
-(1957) student of smith college study found 89% subsequent careers were in being homemakers.
-unions not support women in work
-‘Modern women’ book blame 1950s social problems (drinking) on career women for breaking stereotype
[no swing back]
-labour workforce rose by 37.8% by (1960)
-unions suport campaign for better waitress working conditions
-women in work who were married rise to 60% in (1960) ( but this can be seen to fuel consumerist interest than establish a career)
-middle class women became frustrated with their work role as housewives
-by (1960) women in university reached 1.3 million (though still very limited choice )
How far did key groups and individuals in the 1960s and 1970s progress female equality?
Did:
-individuals influence:
• Eleanor Roosevelt: set up status report/ commission to investigate issues regarding women’s employment (95% company managers were men, women earn 50-60% wages of men who did the same job) (did die in 63)
• Betty Freudian: publish ‘feminist mystique’ (1963) push women chancellor to have an career, equal employment and social treatment . Set up NOW (1966) (later became less radical)
-organisations:
• national organisation for women: had 40,000 members, organised marches , secured $30 million in back pay to women not equally paid to men
Not:
-women liberation movement: extreme / radical feminism , remove male supremacy. (1968) picketed miss America Beauty contest. Attract bad publicity , difficult to take women’s rights issue seriously, distracted from employment and pay equality .
-Phyllis Schafly: believe feminism devalued women’s role by making it To equal to man’s and deneid right of unborn children by supporting abortions . Led STOP ERA campaign. Caused equal rights amendment to be bogged down=(1982) defeated by 3 votes
How far did the women’s protest movement of the 1960s and 1970s achieve female equality?
Did:
-(1963) equal pay act employers pay women same as men for same job
-(1972) educational amendment act outlawed sexual discrimination in education
-(1972) Supreme Court ruled US constitution gave men and women equal rights
-rise in women in professions once dominated by man, rise to 74% clerical profession by (1970)
-two career family became norm
-equals tight amendment passed
-attracted middle class women
-abortion case more available after Victorious roe vs wade decision
-(1960) oral contraceptives pill introduce into state
Not:
-equal pay act not issue discrimination against women seeking jobs in first place
-long time to adapt changes to traditional curriculum
-opponents of equal rights for women not accept Supreme Court decision
-women rise in work only by 5% from (1960-1979)
-ERA act not ratified
-few working class interested as they liked safe social conventions and were more economically unstable as time went on
-divided between moderates and extreme feminists
