ALL extra cards (8.21) Flashcards
lipids are (full/devoid) of water
devoid
the anion gap is used clinically for what purpose
to estimate [ ] of anions that are NOT routinely measured
the Swan & Pitts exp summary
- add a lot of H
- pH drops a little
- means buffering system exists
name them: carbonic vs bicarbonate
carbonic: 2
bi: HC03-
types of transport in gut epithelial cell
uni, sym, antiport
CON of TEM
cannot examine living cells
ex of each
- uni
- sym
- anti
uni Na channel
sym Na/glucose
anti Na/K
ECM component
why
fibrous proteins like collagen
resist stretching
function of laminin
attach epithelia to basal lamina
Do all eukaryotic proteins have a methionine on their amino terminus?
why
NO
methionine is often removed from N (start) terminus
Clathrin function
Dynamin function
C = shape membrane into coated pit
D = causes coated pit to pinch off to form coated vesicle
name the 3 main pathways for exocytosis
-give ex for 2 and 3
1) signal mediated diversion to lysosome
2) regulated secretary pathway (Golgi products in vesicles are released rapidly)
ex: insulin release
3) constitutive secretory pathway (NO VESICLES, just discharged at cell surface)
ex: production of plasma membrane
purpose of clathrin coated vesicle
1) endocytose things from cell surface
2) move material from Golgi to various destinations
peroxisome function
1) enzyme produces hydrogen peroxide
2) catalase breaks down excess HP
peroxisomes are plentiful in what organ
why
liver
detoxify
In 1, glucose breaks down into its comp
In 2, acetyl coA enters CAC
In 3, ETC exists
Protons are pumped from 4 to 5 so that ATP ends up in 6
1 - cytosol
2 - matrix
3 - IM
4 - matrix
5 - IM
6 - matrix
what enzyme contains polypeptides coded by mito AND nuclear DNA
ATP synthase
mitochondrial genes are (maternally/paternally) inherited
m
mismatch repair mec is involved in the cancer of “” and “”
colon
rectum
large proteins require the nuclear localization signal in order to enter by (passive/active) transport
active
large proteins require the “ in order to enter by active transport
nuclear localization signal
what are the 3 types of spindle MT
each function?
1) aster: pull APART the POLES
2) interpolar: PUSH the POLES apart
3) kinteochore: PULL chromosomes to POLES
necrosis
- when does it occur
- mec
apoptosis
- when does it occur (2)
- mec
main dif bt the two
N
- cells are damaged
- cells swell, burst, and cause inflammatory response
A
- embryo development; cancer treatment
- programmed cell death
apoptosis = no inf response
signal recognition protein
- function
- what if dysfunctional
- traffics proteins FROM ribosome to RER
- proteins accumulate in cytosol
which type of muscle is intercalated disc located on
cardiac muscle
purpose of desmin
regulates sarcomere architecture
Purkinje fiber is found where; purpose
cardiac muscle
AV node -> impulse -> ventricle
actin, IMF, MT
list out examples of IMF
IMF
- keratin
- desmin
- laminin
five zones of epiphyseal plate
resting, proliferative, hypertrophy, calcification, ossification
which myelinating cell ONLY provides myelination to ONE axon
Schwann
what channels are involved in cardiac SA node AP’s
HCN
Ca
Protein misfolding occurs in what diseases (list all of them)
Alzheimer’s
C-Jacob’s
Huntington’s
tRNA relies on an enzyme called
function of enzyme
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
combines tRNA with its AA
In cerebrum, there are 6 layers
which layers do you need to know and name them
1 - molecular
3 - pyramidal
5 - pyramidal
what cells look like fried eggs
ganglion
HUGE cells that are a combo of 3 - what is it
peripheral nerve
actin
IMF
MT
diameter sizes are
a = 7NM i = 10NM m = 24NM
dif bt post and co translational entry
co - proteins go to ER
list out the post translation covalent modifications
1) phos of 3
2) hydroxylation of proline/lysine
(say hy to the pro-lyse)
3) ubiquination
4) glycosylation
kinase does what
carries out phosphorylation
when permeability of an ion increases, Vm (“”) Em of that ion
GOES TOWARD
Eca
Ena
Ecl
Ek
Ca = 120 Na = 60 Cl = -70 K = -90
CNS have long lasting afterhyp BC
long plateau phase in heart exists BC of
Pacemaker cell is intrinisically automatic bc
1 - Ca activated K channels
2 - Ca
3 - HCN channels (non-selective cation channels)
alpha Amanitin toxin inhibits what RNA polymerase #?
2
sense strand direction
SS: 5’ to 3’
T/F: normal method of skeletal muscle contraction is tetanus
True
name one way to make AP fuse (instead of remaining separate)
get rid of ball and chain
Do Number 10 on Zimmerman PS
-
a block of Na channels causes a (up/down) of threshold
up
