1-1 Flashcards
Fast responsepathway is called
Sympatho-adrenal pathway
Fast response (3 things that happen to body)
Dilate pupils; Constrict blood vessels (GI tract & skin); Dilate blood vessels (skeletal muscles)
Slow response
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Positive short term effects of cortisol
1. Mobilize energy reserves (increase glucose and fatty acid release)
Chronic cortisol leads to what about blood vessels
up stiffness
% of GDP healthcare NOW
$$ per capita NOW
20%
$10,000
What are the 3 spheres where Americans get care?
#1. Popular = treatment which is community based (fam) #2. Folk = ethnic/religious healers #3. Professional
Gov insurance % of US pop
30%
Triple aim is
- up experience of care
- up pop health
- down cost
All country’s systems have (2 things)
- comprehensive
- similar salaries for all docs
Canadian health system: all medically necessary care provided WITHOUT “”
Co-pays
2 features of patient centered med home
- personal doc
- whole person orientation
RI’s unemployment rate %
7
RI ranks # for % of children living in poverty
US average
Rank in 20s
20s
RI ranks best in what (2 things)
Ranks #1 for immunization among children
Ranks #1 for im. Among teens
3 priorities of RI DOH
#1. Address social determ #2. Eliminate health disparities #3. Ensure access to care
name of proposed solution (geographic areas)
Health equity zone
Many states are showing (up/down) in childhood obesity
Down
Obesity is BMI over #
30
Aging pyramid trend
1980 to now
Before: base is young
Now: the base balloons up, so that the end result is an upside down heart
example of Polysaccharide
amylose starch
Carbs (3 types)
Mono-saccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharide
examples of lipids (2)
fatty acid
acyl-glycerol (triglyceride)
fatty acid principle things (chemically)
methyl group on one end
carboxyl group on other
types of lipids
FA
acylglycerol
sphingo-lipid
steroid
amino acids consist of
amino + carboxylic acid groups
nitrogen containing comp (list them)
#1 AA #2 purine, pyri-midine, pyri-dine #3 nucleoside #4 nucleotide
define nucleoside
tide
side = nitrogen containing ring plus sugar, like ribose
tide = nucleoSIDE with a phosphate attached to the sugar
list AA that are essential
I like light that tries making home very pretty
isoleucine leucine lysine threonine tryptophan methionine histidine valine phenylalanine
during a 24 hr fast, energy needs are met by
- consumption of liver glycogen
- conversion of protein to glucose via gluconeogenesis
during longer periods of fasting, remaining energy needs are supplied by
- production of ketone bodies from fatty acids
- by muscle protein, which is a substrate for gluconeogenesis
3 ways metabolic regulation is done
- availability of substrates
- covalent modification of enzymes
- altered synthesis/breakdown of enzymes
”” is the primary storage form of carb in plants
starch
soluble fiber “” (slows/fasts) digestion
slows
source of insoluble
soluble
insoluble
- bran
- whole grain
soluble
-pectin-containing foods (fruit, legume)
define glycemic index
blood glucose response to a carb
what is the primary utility of GI
predict glucose response in ppl with diabetes
adj essential means
must be acquired thru diet
Total energy expenditure =
Resting energy expenditure (60%) + thermic effect of food + calories expended in physical activity
Thermic effect of food = what
10%(TEE)
Body water makes up ?/70 kg male
40 kg
If a person of normal weight has free access to water BUT nothing to eat, how long can they survive?
2 month
Mono-saccharides (3 things)
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Glucose dietary source (2)
Fructose dietary source (2)
Fruits
Corn syrup
Fruit
High fructose corn syrup
Galactose dietary source
Milk
Why is galactose weird
Not found free in nature
What are the di-saccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Define glycemic index
Area under the curve
Blood sugar over time after you consume something
The more saturated, the “” the melting temp
Higher
Define trans fat
- un/sat
- contains (cis/trans) (iso/poly) fatty acid
Unsaturated fat that contain trans isomer fatty acids
Trans fat pro (2)
1) less prone to oxidation
2) higher burning temp
the force that moves water (to side with more solutes) is called
osmotic pressure
water req #
1 mL / 1 Cal
read: reduce water loss by keeping wet clothes close to skin
-
pH equation
-log [H+]
normal blood pH
7.4
define acid
base
a = donate H
base = accept H
Ka denotes what
tendency of acid to dissociate and donate H
lower the pKa…what
lower the pKa, the greater the tendency for the acid to dissociate/stronger the acid
greatest increase in blood sugar when eat what kind of food
complex
