8-1 (8.15.16) Flashcards
purpose of connective tissue
-supports, connects
specialized types of connective tissue does what
insulates
absorbs shock
structure of connective tissue
embedded in ECM
main cell in connective tissue is
fibroblast
dif bt fibroblast and cytes (size)
cytes are skinner
fibroblast purpose
make fibers and macromolecules
type ? forms meshworks
3
Fibrillin-1
- forms
- purpose
- complex is called
forms fine microfibrils
acts as a scaffolding on which the elastin
molecules are deposited.
complex is
called elastic fiber.
OTHER CELLS found in connective tissue ??
IMMUNE CELLS
1 purpose of macrophage
2 part of immune system (1st 2nd 3rd) line defense
1 endocytose and digest in lysosome
2 FIRST
read: plasma cell is a type of immune cell
-
Plasma cells are derived from what
B lymphocytes
- purpose of plasma cells
- how can you tell if cell is plasma cell
- purpose of mast cell
- receptors of mast cells are
- make antibodies
- clock face nucleus (read: clumping chromatin)
- STORES the mediator of inflammation (read: histamine, proteases, leukotrienes)
- IgE receptors
action potentials are “” regenerating
self
define all or none
action potential does not vary as it propagates along a membrane (read: does not “fade out”)
phases of basic action potential
1) rapid depolarization to a peak
2) falling phase of repolarization back to resting potential
3) undershoot: after hyperpolarization
ball and chain
1. which channel
- Na
define local circuit current
loop of membrane current flowing during propagation of action potential
three variations of action potentials
- in CNS, long lasting after hyperpolarization
- in heart, AP have long plateau phase bc of opening of Ca channels
- in heart, rate is controlled by fluctation in voltage of SA node cells (fluc is called pacemaker potential)
two ion channels are critical to pacemaker potential - name them
1) L type Ca
2) T type Ca
beta blocker does what
slows the heart and reduces BP
define artery
vein
capillaries
artery = carry blood AWAY from heart
vein = “” TOWARD heart
where gas, nutrient exchange occurs
arteries are what color
red
exception to typical coloring of artery and vein
pulmonary art/vein
thinner walls: vein vs artery
why
veins
arteries experience higher BP so need stronger wall
heart is a “” pump
double
(low/high) pressure in veins
(low/high) pressure in arteries
veins = low
arteries = high
define lymphatic system
- composed of
- purpose (other than get rid of bacteria in lymph node)
- capillaries and ducts
- drain excess fluid OUT of tissues and BACK to blood
excess fluid in tissue space is DRAINED by
lymph capillaries
lymph capillaries are (more/less) porous than blood capillaries
more
purpose of lymph node
node = fluid is filtered and exposed to white blood cells
permeability of lymph capillaries means what
large things like bacteria can get into lymph
nervous system functions
1) sensation
2) integration - processing of sensory info and decision to act or not
3) action - involves effectors (muscles or glands)
where does integration take place?
in brain or spinal cord
sensation -> integration (what neuron connects)
integration -> action (what neuron connects)
S to I = sensory neuron
I to A = motor neuron
dif bt axon and dendrite
- function
- #
axon: transmits AP; single
dendrites: receive AP; multiple
name two types of neurons found in PNS
motor
sensory neurons
synaptic endings of sensory neurons are found in (CNS or PNS)
CNS
both sensory and motor neurons (verb) two things
bridge PNS and CNS
PNS is composed of these types of neurons
CNS is composed of..
PNS - sensory and motor neurons
CNS - sensory, motor, AND interneurons
”“-neurons perform the integration function of nervous system
INTER
read: some inter-neurons have connections with thousands of other neurons
-
define nerves
same thing in ?NS is called
bundles of axons in PNS
CNS, nerve tract
emerging from both sides of spinal cord are # pairs of spinal nerves
31
each spinal nerve is made of “”
union of two roots from spinal cord
- dorsal/posterior root
- ventral/anterior root
define inter-vertebral foramina
spaces bt vertebrae where spinal nerves exit vertebral canal
dorsal root contains only “” axons
ventral root “”
read: nerves contain both sensory and motor axons
sensory
ventral - only motor axons
define dorsal root ganglion
lump formed by cell bodies of all sensory neurons
define ganglion
define nucleus
group of neuron cell bodies in PNS
group of neuron cell bodies in CNS
after d/v roots join to form spinal nerve, what happens
spinal nerve divides into two parts: dorsal and ventral rami
rami means what
arm
rami components
motor and sensory axons
dorsal ramus function
ventral ramus function
DR = motor innervation to deep muscles of back and sensory innervation to skin over vertebrae
VR = motor innervation to all other muscles of body and sensory in to all remaining skin
read: ventral ramus is LARGER than dorsal ramus
-
cross section of spinal cord will show two things
outer region - white matter
inner region - gray matter
define white matter
mostly nerve tracts (bundles of axons carrying sensory AP to brain or motor AP down from brain)
why is white matter white
myelin is white and myelin wraps around axons
then why is gray matter called gray
bc their bodies aren’t covered in myelin
gray matter dorsal horn is composed of “” neurons
ventral
dorsal - interneurons (receive sensory input)
ventral - motor neurons
deep muscles of back are called
E-PAXIAL muscles
