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Block 1 > 6-1 (8.11.16) > Flashcards

6-1 (8.11.16) Flashcards

1
Q

chromatin consists of

A

DNA
histone
non-histone

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2
Q

nucleosome is composed of (NOT the def of complex of histones)

A

nucleosome core particle (NCP) and DNA

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

”” often occur on the ONM

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4
Q

1 stains lightly: its genes are actively transcribing

2 stains darkly: its genes are transcriptionally inactive.

A

1 Euchromatin

2 Heterochromatin

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5
Q

nuclear pore contain “” channels

what goes thru them

A

aqueous

ions and small molecules

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6
Q

large proteins enter via active transport and require what

A

localization signal

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7
Q

lamins are “” filament

A

intermediate

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8
Q

function of nucleolus

A

makes ribosome subunits

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9
Q

cell phase eq

A

G1 + S + G2 + M (mitosis + cytokinesis)

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10
Q

division results in “” (adj) cells

BUT

A

genetically identical

daughter cells have dif forms

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11
Q

condensation purpose

A

prevent chromosomes from tangling together in mitosis

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12
Q

chromosomes are maximally condensed at “”

A

metaphase

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13
Q

disengagement - when does that occur

describe it

A

G1

centrioles move apart within centrosome

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14
Q

a new centriole is called

A

PRO centriole

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15
Q

cells at what phase are used for KARYOTYPE analysis

why

A

metaphase

chromosomes are maximally condensed

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16
Q

what serves as MT organizing center

A

centrosomes

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17
Q

purpose of astor MT

A

anchor poles to cell periphery

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18
Q

daughter chromatids are held together at centromere VIA what protein

A

CO-HESIN

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19
Q

define mitosis

A

mother -> 2 cells (genetically identical to m)

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20
Q

four steps of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphases
ana
telo

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21
Q

cytokinesis begins when

A

ana or telo

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22
Q

purpose of astor microtubules

A

anchor and pull

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23
Q

”” drives telophase

A

Dephosphorylation

read: D causes nucleus to reassemble
D causes spindle MT to disappear
D causes chromosomes to decondense

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24
Q

contractile ring forms where

then what forms

last step of contractile ring

A

bt membranes at anaphase

cleavage furrow

daughter cells break apart

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25
Q

the contraction caused by “” and “” causes cleavage furrow to form

A

actin

myosin

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26
Q

apoptosis def

A

programmed cell death

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27
Q

read: apoptosis AVOIDS inflammation

what causes i then

A

-

necrosis

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28
Q

do prokaryotes have actin, MT, and IMF

A

NO

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29
Q

prokaryotic version of cilia

A

flagella

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30
Q

read: P DNA lacks histones

A

-

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31
Q

dif bt chromatid and chromosome

A

when chromatids separate, they become chromosome

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32
Q

central dogma is

A

DNA -> transcription -> RNA -> translation -> protein

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33
Q

types of RNA (5)

A 
rRNA
mRNA 
tRNA 
snRNA (small nuclear) 
RNAi (miRNA, siRNA)
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34
Q

tRNA role

A

transfer amino acid onto polypeptide chain

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35
Q

RNAi role

snRNA role

A

miRNA - translation inhibit
siRNA - mRNA degrade

RNA splicing (introns, exons) AND telomere maintenance

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36
Q

80% of all cellular RNA is this type of RNA

smallest RNA

15% of all cellular RNA is this

A

rRNA

tRNA

tRNA

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37
Q

at least 1 tRNA for # AA

A

20

38
Q

in eukaryotes, what is a weird thing about mRNA

why

A

translated mRNA is NOT exact copy of DNA

bc post transcriptional changes

39
Q

three main steps of RNA synthesis in PROKARYOTES

A 
#1. initiation 
#2. elongation 
#3. termination
40
Q

P RNA synthesis

Initiation steps

A

-RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to promoter region

41
Q

what’s interesting about promoter region

A

it is NOT transcribed

42
Q

How does RNA polymerase RECOGNIZE promoter region

A

in RP, holoenzyme contains a sigma factor

43
Q

within the promoter region are what

(for PROKARYOTES)

ex (2)

A

highly conserved consensus sequences

ex:
PRIB-NOW box (10 nucleotides before coding region)
35 hexamer

44
Q

P RNA synthesis

Elongation steps

A

read: once RNA transcription begins, sigma factor dissociates

45
Q

what’s key dif bt RNA and DNA polymerase

A

RNA P = no proofreading ab

46
Q

P RNA synthesis
Termination steps

dep

A

could be RHO dependent or independent

dep
-RHO factor follows RNA P; RHO factor (helicase protein) recognizes rut sequence (termination signal)

47
Q

Rho-indep termination

A

newly made RNA has a sequence that allows for creation of hairpin structure

RNA sequence at 3’ end is rich in U’s, which bind weakly to A’s on DNA

new RNA separates from DNA

48
Q

why does U bind to A’s

A

A has two H bonds

49
Q

palindrome def

A

ABC = BCA

50
Q

the hairpin loop formed in R-IND termination results bc

A

palindrome

51
Q

euk gene expression is regulated by what (dif from P)

A 
PROMOTER 
plus 
chromatin 
enhancer 
inhibitor
52
Q

read: also euk RNA is dif bc it is modified after transcription

A

-

53
Q

euk transcription initiation - name the 3 dif consensus sequences found in promoters

A

consensus sequence (in order, closest to farthest)

  • TATA/Hogness box
  • –similar to Pribnow box
  • GC box
  • CAAT box
  • –much more farther upstream than TATA
54
Q

the EUK consensus sequences are called what

why

A

cis acting DNA elements

on the same strand of DNA that is being transcribed

55
Q

where is enhancer

purpose

A

region of DNA up/down stream of promoter

transcription factors bind to enhancer AND it stabilizes initiation complex

56
Q

enhancer is cis acting

while “” is trans acting

A

enhancer binding transcription factor

read: trans means from dif gene

57
Q

euk have 3 types of “” polymerases

A

RNA

58
Q

clinical: “” found in poisonous mushrooms INHIBITS what

A

alpha A-MAN-I-TIN

RNA polymerase

59
Q

euk transcription

steps of gene expression

A

1. chromatin structure regulates gene expression

60
Q

what cannot be transcribed vs what can

why

A

CANNOT: hetero-chromatin
tightly wound

CAN: euchromatin
loosely wound

61
Q

what kind of DNA Is generally not transcribed

A

methylated DNA

62
Q

what relaxes chromatin structure to allow for more gene transcription

A

acetylation of histones

63
Q

euk mRNA undergoes modifications…what are they

A

5’ capping
poly A tail
removal of introns

64
Q

define intron

A

mRNA that doesn’t code for protein

65
Q

what combination permits the start of translation

A

5’cap

66
Q

define spliceosome

A

splices mRNA to remove introns AND joins exons together to yield mRNA

67
Q

what accounts for 15% of all genetic diseases

A

mutation at splice sites

68
Q

read: alternative splicing is a way of diversifying the protein encoding capacity of limited # of genes

A

-

69
Q

give ex of alternative splicing

-just give key fact

A

key: TRO-PO-NIN

read: BUT alternative splicing of its gene sequence results in dif isotypes
look for UP level of cardiac specific troponins if suspect heart damage

70
Q

what proteins are involved in transport of fats

two forms

why truncated

A

Apo-lipo-proteins

A B100

  • liver
  • untruncated

A B48

  • small intestine
  • truncated

RNA editing made an error; get early stop codon

71
Q

”” form is the relevant form in mammalian physio

A

L form

72
Q

what are the two forms of AA

A

L and D forms

73
Q

what’s special about GLYSINE

A

it is symmetric, therefore does NOT exist in L and D forms

74
Q

formation of peptide bond results in a loss of charged state of stuff

A

-

75
Q

proline disrupts “” structures

more specific

A

secondary

interrupts alpha-helices

76
Q

what AA forms disulfide bonds

A

cysteine

77
Q

”” “” and “” can accept phosphate groups

why

A

Serine, threonine and tyrosine

OH

78
Q

phosphorylated enzyme = spot opens up and substrate can bind

A

-

79
Q

define glycosylation

describe the two types

A

1 Serine or Threonine = 0 glycosylation

addition of oligosaccharide to protein

80
Q

glycoproteins identity (typical, 2)

A

secreted (hormones)

receptors

81
Q

beta and alpha chain in insulin are held together by what

A

disulfide bonds

82
Q

alpha helix and beta sheet

-(1/2) structure

A

secondary

83
Q

describe secondary and tertiary structure

A

2: folds into a repeating pattern bc of H bond interactions

3: 3-D folding bc of side chain interactions
read: ex is disulfide bonds

84
Q

when does quaternary structure arise

A

proteins have MULTIPLE polypeptide chains

read: don’t occur when protein has just ONE polypeptide chain

85
Q

what protein aids in protein folding

describe their type

why called this

A

chaperone

heat shock

chaperone synthesis UP when subjected to higher temp

86
Q

clinical application of denatured protein (relate to mad cow disease)

-another name for disease

A

C-Jacob Disease

prion that is a misfolded version of a normal prion -> ab becomes template -> ab ACCUMULATE -> loss function of neurons

87
Q

HH equation predicts what

A

AA’s side chain charge

88
Q

3 classes of proteins

A

fibrous
globular
membrane

89
Q

charge of side chains is determined by what

A

pK

90
Q

what is the only AA with a NH in a ring?

A

pro-line

91
Q

name two post translational modification

A
  • protein phosphorylation

- glycosylation

92
Q

protein misfolding 2nd example (other than mad cow disease)

A

AMY…

Alzheimer’s disease

Block 1 (16 decks)

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