10-1 (8.17.16) Flashcards
cartilage is a/vascular
A
one type of cartilage is found on “” surface
articular
dif bt chondroblast and cyst
blast = immature, developing cartilage cell
cyst = mature
3 cartilage types
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
which type of cartilage is the most common
hyaline
fibrocartilage is fortified with what AND type #
collagen type 1
fibrocartilage is found where “” is needed
strength
50% of bone matrix is organic/in
organic
osteoclast is a type of (giant/tiny) cell
giant
how does OB become OC
osteoblast secretes osteoid -> OB entrapped in matrix = osteocyte
define osteoid
bone matrix
via appearance, how to tell apart OC and OB
OC has ruffled border
Around time of “”, secondary ossification centers appear in body
birth
in the long bones, a region of growing cartilage remains bt “” and “” -> this is called
epiphyses (end) and diaphysis (middle)
epiphyseal plate
when bone replaces cartilage this is “” ossification
endochondral
secondary bone = two configurations
compact
spongy
nicknames for compact (1)
”” for spongy (2)
compact: cortical
spongy: trabecular, cancellous
spongy is found where on the bone
on the ends of bone
Haversian system is only seen in “” bone
purpose
compact
unit of compact bone organization
Haversian canal contains what
vessels and nerves
3 main types of muscle
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
REL of muscle and sarcolemma
1 muscle fiber is bound by S (plasma membrane)
A myofibril is made of “”
Series of sarcomere
What gives muscle its striated appearance
Sarcomere
Where is actin and myosin myofilaments found
In sarcomere
Match: thin thick actin myosin
Thin – actin
Define T tubule
-plain def
Extension of sarcolemma into fiber at Z line of sarcomere
SR def
Site of Ca release for
which mec of Ca release is imp in cardiac muscle
Ca-induced Ca release
ATP is required for uptake of Ca by pumps in “”
SR
muscle cell backup system for supplying ATP
phosphocreatine + ADP -> ATP + creatine
define rigor mortis
ATP stores are depleted -> muscles are fixed in contracted state (no ATP to release myosin heads)
dif bt isoMETRIC and isoTONIC
met - generate tension; no change in length
ton - shorten muscle; no change in load
series elastic component causes what
delay between AP and tension/shortening of muscle
series elastic component promotes what kind of muscle movement
smooth mov
speed of isotonic depends on
load being moved
read: at max load, all crossbridges will be holding load, SO NONE avail for movem
-
single AAP produces single “”
twitch
train of AP at high freq (another name) produces
temporal summation produces tetanus
”” is caused by accumulation of IC Ca
temporal summation
motor unit def
1 motor neuron
all muscle fibers that it innervates
def spatial summation
how does it occur
recruitment of many motor units
BY increase stimulus strength
name 2 sensory receptors
muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
arrangement of intrafusal & extrafusal
intrafusal in parallel with EM
i/extrafusal fibers produce force
extrafusal
muscle spindle is e/i
intrafusal
muscle spindle purpose
report muscle length AND rate of muscle stretch
When muscle CONTRACTS, spindles become (taut/slack)
THEN
slack
efferent input says “shorten” to remain responsive
Golgi tendon organ (what…aka where)
bare nerve endings
in tendon, near where tendon connects to muscle
Golgi TO purp
report muscle force
Pathway of Golgi TO
muscle contract -> tension in tendon changes GTO -> AP to brain
Cardiac cells are striated (YES/NO)
yes
REL of myosin, actin, ATP
ATP binds to myosin -> myosin and actin separate
normal mode of contraction of skeletal muscle is a tetanus (YES or NO)
NO
Most of Ca for smooth muscle comes from SR (yes or no)
NO
read: comes from outside the cell
binding of “” to HCN channel causes channel to open at LESS “” voltages
in this case, get higher frequency of AP
cAMP
negative
how does NE speed the heart
bind to beta adrenergic R
activate G protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP
parasympathetic example: “” released by vagus nerve SLOWS the heart by what
ACh
prolonging pacemaker potential phase
ACh actiavtes “” R in SA node
muscarinic receptor
