Agression In Sport Flashcards
Define aggression
Involves harm/injury but is not limited to physical assaults and can include verbal/non verbal acts intended to cause psychological harm. Can also be a behaviour that deprives a person of something
‘Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid this treatment’
What are the types of aggressions?
Instrumental aggression - aggressive behaviour committed to achieving a non-aggressive goal (boxing)
Hostile aggression - aggressive behaviour that usually involves anger and has the primary goal to harm or inure
What is instinct theory? (gill,2000)
Innate characteristic where we are born with an aggressive instinct that builds up and makes aggressive behaviour inevitable
Sport said to have a cathartic effect
-little research
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis? (Dollard,1939)
This theory believes that aggression is the direct result of frustration that occurs because of a goal blockage or failure itself
Frustration leads to aggression
-little support
What did Berkowitz (1974) say?
He revised the FA hypothesis
Frustration -> increased arousal -> aggression
What does social learning theory state?
That we learn and acquire aggressive behaviour through observational learning and direct reinforcement
What does the Bobo doll experiment tell us?
Individuals learn aggression through reinforcement and modeling but will commit aggression only under facilitating conditions
What did the work from judgements about aggression tell us (Silvia, 1983)
Results showed that males percieved legitimacy increased as the level of contact increased
Results showed that females percieved legitimacy was higher for collision and combination sports and those who did not participate in sport
Females always had lower ratings of percieved legitimacy than males and percieved behaviour as unacceptable when males did not
In males the percieved legitimacy significantly increased as years participating increased, in females perc legit higher for those with no experience or 11+ years experience
What is the continuum of injurious acts?
Verbal intimidation - physical intimidation with no injury - injure opponent to miss a few minutes - injure opponent to miss game - injure opponent to miss entire season
What is considered a key predictor of aggression?
Moral atmosphere
This refers to the predominant team norms regarding appropriate behaviour
Involves the behaviours encouraged by coaches and behaviours performed by teammates
What did a study looking a female football and moral atmosphere/aggressive likelihood find?
Results showed that players perceptions of the moral atmosphere best predicted reported behaviour
Players who percieved that their teammates would agrees tended to indicate a greater likelihood to agress themselves
