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Blood and Lymph > Adverse Effects > Flashcards

Adverse Effects Flashcards

1
Q

Organ directed toxicity: GI

A

Aspirin

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2
Q

Organ directed toxicity: Kidneys

A

Aminoglycosides

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3
Q

Organ directed toxicity: Liver

A

Acetominophen

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4
Q

Organ directed toxicity: Heart

A

Doxorubicin

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5
Q

Fetal toxicity directly toxic effects: sulfonamide

A

induced kernicterus

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6
Q

Fetal toxicity directly toxic effects: Chloramphenicol

A

Gray baby syndrome

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7
Q

Fetal toxicity that are directly toxic: Bone growth

A

Tetracycline

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8
Q

Fetal toxicity: teratogens

A 
Thalidomide
Antifolates
Phenytoin
Warfarin
Isotretinoin
Lithium
Valproic Acid
Fetal alcohol syndrome
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9
Q

Drug Allergies: Hypersensivity. Most drugs are not by themselves immunogenic. When they bind covalently to a macromolecule or alter structure of macromolecule to become an immunogenic ______

A

hapten

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10
Q

Drug toxicity hypersensitivities target organs type I

A

GI
Skin
Lung
Vasculature

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11
Q

Drug toxicity hypersensitivities target organs type II

A

Circulating Blood cells

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12
Q

Drug toxicity hypersensitivities target organs type III

A

Blood Vessels
Skin
Joints
Kidney

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13
Q

Drug toxicity hypersensitivities target organs type IV

A

Skin
Lungs
Central Nervous System

(Stevens-Johnson Syndrome)

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14
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type I involves IgE that release

A

histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

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15
Q

Drugs associated with Type I reactions

A

Beta-lactam anti-bacterials

Neuromuscular blockers

Quinolones

Platinum-basid cytotoxic drugs (cis-platin)

Foreign Proteins

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16
Q

Drugs associated with Type I reactions

A

Beta-lactam anti-bacterials

Neuromuscular blockers

Quinolones

Platinum-basid cytotoxic drugs (cis-platin)

Foreign Proteins

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17
Q

Drugs associated with hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia

A

Beta-lactam

NSAID

Quinine-quinidine

18
Q

drugs associated w/ thrombocytopenia

A

Beta-lactam

NSAID

Quinine-quinidine

Heparin
Abciximab
Sulfonamides
Carbamazepine
Propylthiouracil
19
Q

Type III hypersensitivity require longer or short exposure?

A

Longer (high dose, and/or long duration therapy)

20
Q

Type IV cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity caused by

A

Topical drugs, also metals and jewelry, poison ivy

Stevens-Johnson from sulfonamides, lamotrigine, allopurinol

Interstitial nephritis from acetominophen, NSAIDs, PPIs, Anti-bacterials, anti-virals

drug-induced hepatitis from Acetominophen, NSAIDs, steroids (anabolic, BCP), statins

21
Q

Drug idiosyncrasies: Abnormal serum cholinesterase develop ______ when given normal doses of succinylcholine

A

apnea

22
Q

Drug idiosyncrasies: Abnormal serum cholinesterase develop apnea when given normal doses of ________

A

succinylcholine

23
Q

Isoniazid involves genetic aberrations related to

A

fast and slow acetylation

24
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase elicits hemolytic anemia elicited by ________

A

Primaquine
Sulfonamide
Nitrofurantoin

25
Q

Barbiturates can cause porphyria because it mimics part of the heme structure and in some people is can block the portion of the heme site that regulates what enzyme that converts succinyl to porphobilinogen

A

ALA synthetase

26
Q

Alkalinization of urine via sodium bicarbonate will enhance the excretion of

A

weak organic acids

27
Q

Acidification of the urin via ammonium chloride enhances the excretion of

A

weak organic bases

28
Q

What drug blocks tubular secretion of for example

A

Probenicid

29
Q

Valium and ethanol have a ______effect on one another

A

synergistic

30
Q

Propanolol and isoproterenol have ______ effects as well as nalaxone and morphine

A

opposing

31
Q

Animal testing is done in how many species to confirm efficacy, selectivity, and mechanism? This leads to IND judgement

A

2 species

32
Q

Clinical testing involves 3 phases, which phases tests whether a drug works, involves 1000-6000 patients (multicenter testing) and is tested in a double-blind trial

A

Phase 3

33
Q

IND stands for

A

Investigational new drug. Follow animal testing

34
Q

NDA occurs after the 3 phases of clinical trials and stands for

A

New drug application

35
Q

Phase 4 occurs after NDA and involves

A

postmarketing surveillance; is after the drug is on the market

36
Q 
Animal testing-->
IND-->
Clinical trial Phases 1-3-->
NDA
--->Phase 4 post market surveillance
A

general set up for drug testing

37
Q

Phase ___finds the maximum tolerated dose, characterizes adverse effects, and defines the pharmacokinetics and is never double blind

A

1

38
Q

Phase ___ attempts to determine clinical effectiveness of test agent

A

2

39
Q

Phase ___ is extensive testing of a drug’s efficacy and toxicity and is usually carried out by physicians in private practice

A

Phase 3

40
Q

Informed consent is required for Phases 1-3 but only needs to be in writing for phases ____

A

1 and 2

Blood and Lymph (17 decks)

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