Adrenal Glands, Kidneys and Posterior Abdominal Wall Session 25 Flashcards
what is the general structure of the adrenal glands
outer cortex
inner medulla
what does the adrenal cortex produce (3)
cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone
what does the adrenal medulla produce
adrenaline
what r the adrenal embedded in
perinephric fat
compare shape of right and left adrenal glands
right: tetrahedral shape
left: crescent
what structures r superfifcal to the adrenal glands
stomach and pancrea
what is the arterial supply to adrenal glands and their origins (3)
superior adrenal- inferior phrenic, abd aorta
middle adrenal- abd aorta
inferior adrenal artery- renal, abd artery
in the peritoneal cavity what is the shifted midline of aorta and IVC?
IVC to right of midline
Aorta to left of midline
why might the right adrenal gland be in a different position to the left
pressed by the liver closer to vertebral column
what r the names used to describe the position of the kidney in the abdomen
extraperitoneal (outside peritoneum)
retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum)
what r the layers on top of the kidney (inner to out)- 3
perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat
what is at the renal hilum (4)
renal artery, vein, lymphatics and ureter
position of veins, arteries and ureter at hilum (anatomy identification)
ureter= most posterior, no branches veins= superficial to arteries
arterial and venous supply of kidneys
L + R renal artery and veins from aorta and IVC
what is the internal strucutre of the kidneys (3)
outer cortex
inner medulla
innermost, medial calyces
organisation of medulla of kidneys
pyramids
function of calyces
drain urine and merge to form the ureter
what r the fucntional units of kideys
nephrons
functions of nephron (3)
filter blood
reabsrob water and solutes
excrete waste products
what parts of the nephron r in the medulla
loop of henle and rest of collecting duct
what parts of the nephron r in the cortex
glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal and distal tubules, part of collecting duct
path of urine from collecting ducts to ureter
travels down medullary pyramid to renal papillae (apex) and enters minor calyx
enters major calyx then renal pelvis
then to the ureter
what is the structure of the walls of the ureter and why
narrow tubes with muscular walls
contraction to move urine via peristalsis
path of ureter
run anterior to psoas major on posterior abdominal wall
then crosses pelvic brim to enter pelvis
then enters bladder in its inferomedial spect
what r kidneys stones and what can they cause
hard stones of calcium
obstruction of ureters= kidneys fill with urine and swell
where r kidney stones most likely to get stuck (3)
- pelvic-ureteric junction (renal pelvis)
- pelvis brim (goes over iliac artery)
- vesico-ureteric junction (ureter empties into bladder)
what r the lumbar spinal nerves
L1-L4 and contribution from T12
what r the branches of the lumbar plexus (6)
ilioinguinal iliohypogastric genitofemoral lateral femoral cutaneous femoral obturator
what does the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric supply
anterior abdominal wall muscles and skin of external genitalia
ilioinguinal vs iliohypogastric position
ilioinguinal is superior and parallel
what is the subcostal spinal origin and what is its position compared to the branches of the lumbar plexus branches
T 12
superior to all
what does the genitofemoral nerve supply
skin of external genitalia
what does genitofemoral run over
psoas major
what does the lateral cuteanous neve of the thigh supply and what does it run over
skin over lateral part of thigh
iliacus
what does the femoral nerve supply and where is its location and what is significant about the appearance of this nerve
supplies muscles and skin of anterior thigh
appears to come from posterior of psoas major (between psoas and iliacus)
chunky nerve
what does the obturator nerve supply and what is its position on the posterior abdominal wall and what pelvis structure does it go into
muscles and skin of medial thigh
most medial nerve
pelvic inlet
where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate and into what
L4 right and left common iliac arteries
at what level does the internal iliac branch off the common iliac
L5-S1
what r the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta (3)
coeliac trunk
superior and inferior mesenteric artery
what r the paired branches of the abdominal aorta (5)
inferior phrenic lumbar renal adrenal gonadal
what r the structures running along the posterior abdominal wall (5)
IVC aorta sympathetic branches of lumbar ureters gonadal vessesl
what r the divisions of the male urethra
preprostatic, prostatic, membraneous, penile
what tissue do bulbs and crura in a male refer to
bulb= corpus spongiosum crura= corpora cavernosa
is the male urethra surrounded by other structures and why
what is the exception
yes
support with pressure of ejac
membranous
where does the male urethra carry urine from and to
internal urethral orifice of bladder to external urethral orifice at tip of glans
where does the female urethra carry urine from and to
internal urethral orifice of bladder to external urethral orifice in vestibule in females
what enters the male urethra and where
ejac duct
prostatic urethra
do males and females have a navicular fossa
yes
