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BIO127 > Adaptive vs innate > Flashcards

Adaptive vs innate Flashcards

1
Q

How do we get innate immunity

A

It is present before exposure to any pathogens. Born with it

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2
Q

How do we get acquired immunity

A

Develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances. Very specific response to pathogens

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3
Q

Types of innate defenses in vertebrates

A

Barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides

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4
Q

Barrier defenses

A

Include the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

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5
Q

Role of mucous in barrier defenses

A

Allow for the removal of microbes

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6
Q

Role of body fluids (and types of fluids)

A

They are hostile to microbes (saliva, mucus, and tears)

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7
Q

Role of skin and the digestive system

A

Has low pH, prevents the growth of many bacteria

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8
Q

Cells that recognize pathogens in the mammal body

A

Phagocytic cells

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9
Q

How do phagocytic cells recognize pathogens

A

TLR (toll like receptors)

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10
Q

What do TLRs recognize

A

Fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

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11
Q

Types of phagocytic cells in the mammilian body

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, dentritic cells and macrophages

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A

engulf and destroy pathogens

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13
Q

Dentritic cells

A

Stimulate development of adaptive immunity

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14
Q

Eosinophils

A

Discharge destructive enzymes

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15
Q

Job of natural killer cells in innate immunity

A

Circulate through the body and detect abnormal cells and release chemicals that lead to cell death

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16
Q

System involved in many cellular innate defenses

A

Lymphatic system

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17
Q

How do peptides and proteins function in innate defense

A

By attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

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18
Q

Type of antimicrobial protein

A

Interferon

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19
Q

Interferon

A

Proteins that provide innate defense, interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

20
Q

How many proteins make up the complement system and what do they cause

A
  1. They cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation
21
Q

How is the inflammatory response brought about

A

Brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection

22
Q

Mast cell

A

A type of connective tissue, release histamine which triggers blood vessels to dialate and become more permeable

23
Q

What type of cells release cytokines

A

Macrophages and neutrophils (activated)

24
Q

Cytokines

A

Signalling molecules that enhance the immune system

25
Q

What does the delivery of antimicrobial peptides result in

A

The accumulation of pus (a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues)

26
Q

Fever

A

A systemic inflammatory response triggered by substances released by macrophages in response to certain pathogens

27
Q

Septic shock

A

A life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

28
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Adapts as we grow

29
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that elicits an immune response

30
Q

What cells bind to an antigen via antigen receptors specific to part of one molecule of that pathogen

A

T or B cells

31
Q

Epitope

A

The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor (specificity)

32
Q

T vs B cells

A

Have similar components but encounter antigens in different ways

33
Q

Structure of the B cell

A

Y-shaped molecule with two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

34
Q

What do variable regions of the B cell chains do

A

Provide antigen specificity

35
Q

Constant regions of chains and variable regions

A

Constant regions vary little among B cells while variable regions differ greatly

36
Q

What does the activation of a B cell from binding to an antigen give rise to

A

Cells that secrete a soluble form of protein called an antibody or immunoglobulin

37
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

Y-shaped, secreted and not membrane bound

38
Q

B cells are considered (humoral or cell mediated)

A

Humoral

39
Q

T cells are considered (humoral or cell mediated)

A

Cell mediated

40
Q

T cell structure

A

Two different polypeptide chains called alpha and beta

-Tip of the chain is variable region and the rest is the constant region

41
Q

What do T cells bind to

A

Antigen fragments (MHC) displayed or presented on the host cell

42
Q

Antigen fragments bound to the cell surface proteins

A

MHC molecules

43
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

Host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface

44
Q

Antigen presentation

A

In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell’s surface

45
Q

What two things can T cells bind to

A

MHC molecule and antigen fragment

46
Q

B cell vs T cell

A

B cell: Humoral immunity. Can connect to antigens right on the surface of the invading pathogen or bacteria

T cell: cell mediated immunity. Can only connect to virus antigens on the outside of infected cells

BIO127 (32 decks)

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