Abdominal Contents

Question 1

Intraperitonial

Answer 1

Within peritoneum, organs are mobile
Organs: liver, spleen, esophagus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse and sigmoid colon

Question 2

Retroperatoneal

Answer 2

Outside peritoneum, organs are fixed to abdominal wall
Organs:
-Primary: originate outside parietal peritoneum mesoderm
—>spleen, kidneys, ureter, adrenal glands, greater vessels (IVC and abdominal aorta), testes/ovaries before descending
-Secondary: “spun out” of peritoneum endoderm
—>duodenum, pancreas,, ascending and descending colon, rectum, anus.

Question 3

Pancreas parts

Answer 3

Parts: head, neck, body, tail, and uncinate process

Question 4

Pancreas functions

Answer 4

Endocrine: insulin and glucagon
Exocrine: digestive enzymes mainly for protein

Question 5

Spleen structure

Answer 5

Capsule, trabecular, pulps (red and white)

Question 6

Spleen vasculature

Answer 6

Artery: splenic artery from celiac trunk, tortuous (for expansion)
Vein: splenic vein drains into portal vein

Question 7

Kehr’s sign

Answer 7

In capsule of spleen, easily lacerated and causes referred pain in left shoulder

Question 8

Midgut blood-supply

Answer 8

Superior mesenteric artery
- middle/right colic artery
- jejunal arteries
- ileal arteries
- Ileocolic artery -> marginal artery

Question 9

Midgut of colon

Answer 9

From descending duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum/appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 of transfers colon

Question 10

Hindgut of colon

Answer 10

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

Question 11

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 11

All digestive tract veins flow into portal vein which flows into liver.
Function: storage of nutrients in liver and detoxication

Question 12

Portal hypertension

Answer 12

Malfunction of liver blocks portal vein drainage
Backflow can cause:
Gastric/splenic vein to esophageal = esophageal varices
Renal vein to iliac vein = internal hemorrhoids
Paraumbilical veins = caput Medusae

Question 13

Kidneys anatomy

Answer 13

R is lower due to liver
Structure: cortex, medulla, minor calyx to major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Hilum: renal vein/artery/pelvis

Question 14

Kidney functions

Answer 14

Waste excretion from blood (urine)
Electrolyte and water balance
Regulate bp; renin-Angiotension system
Hematopoiesis: cytokine erythroprotien (EPO)

Question 15

Kidney visceral motor

Answer 15

Follows renal arteries

Question 16

Adrenal gland anatomy

Answer 16

Top of kidneys
Layers: medulla, cortex

Question 17

Adrenal glands functions

Answer 17

Regulate metabolism, bp, immune response, stress response, sex hormones

Question 18

Adrenal gland vascular supply

Answer 18

Arteries:
1. Superior: multiple branches from inferior phrenic artery
2. Middle: aorta
3. Inferior: 1st branch of renal artery
Veins:
Right drains into IVC
Left drains into renal vein

Question 19

Bifurcation of abdominal aorta

Answer 19

L4: common iliac arteries

Question 20

IVC formation

Answer 20

L5: common iliac veins

Question 21

Anastomosis: foregut to midgut

Answer 21

Superior/interior pancreaticoduodenal

Question 22

Anastomosis: midgut to hindgut

Answer 22

Middle/left colic

Question 23

Anastomosis:

Question 24

Foregut sympathetic and parasympathetic

Answer 24

Greater splanchnic nerve (T5 - T9)
Vagus nerve (CN 10)

Question 25

Midgut sympathetic and parasympathetic

Answer 25

Inconclusive due to rotations

Question 26

Abdominal cavity boundary

Answer 26

Superior: diaphragm Inferior: pelvic inlet Posterior: lumbar vertebrae and muscles Anterior/lateral: continuous soft tissue and abdominal muscles

Question 27

Peritoneal cavity

Answer 27

Space between parietal and visceral peritoneum Wraps and fixates organs in abdominal and pelvic cavities * fluid, no organs!!

Question 28

Greater sac of peritoneal cavity

Answer 28

Contains intraperitoneal organs Superior and inferior to lesser sac

Question 29

Greater omentum of peritoneal cavity

Answer 29

Visceral peritoneum folding from stomachs greater curvature (inferior)

Question 30

Lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity

Answer 30

Empty, bound by greater and lesser omentum

Question 31

Lesser omentum

Answer 31

Visceral peritoneum folding from stomach's lesser curvature to liver Superior to greater omentum

Question 32

Omental foramen

Answer 32

Connects the two sac's, “foremen of Winslow”

Question 33

Hepatoduedenal ligament

Answer 33

A part of the lesser omentum Between the liver and duodenum * contains portal triad

Question 34

Portal triad

Answer 34

1. Hepatic artery proper 2. Hepatic portal vein 3. Common bile duct

Question 35

Foregut blood-supply

Answer 35

Celiac trunk: aortic hiatus/median arcuate ligament 1. Splenic artery 2. Left gastric artery 3. Common hepatic artery

Question 36

Splenic artery branches (2)

Answer 36

1. Short gastric artery 2. Left gastroepiploic artery

Question 37

Common hepatic artery branches (2)

Answer 37

1. Gastroduodenal artery 2. Hepatic artery proper

Question 38

Stomach anatomy

Answer 38

Abdominal esophagus Cardiac notch Fundus Body Pyloric antrum, canal, and sphincter

Question 39

Stomach blood supply

Answer 39

Branches of celiac trunk: Lesser- R/L gastric artery Greater - R/L gastroepiploic artery Fundus- short gastric artery

Question 40

Stomach function

Answer 40

Digestion Limited absorption Intrinsic factor for B12 absorption